East Prussia

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East Prussia (1773–1829; 1878–1945) in Summer 1939; On 3 December 1829, the provinces of Prussia and West Prussia merged to the new Province of Prussia with its headquarters in Königsberg i. Pr. Since 1 July 1867, the province belonged to the North German Confederation and from 1 January 1871 to the German Empire. This was followed by the anewed division of the province into the provinces of East Prussia and West Prussia on 1 April 1878.

East Prussia (German: Ostpreußen) refers to the original part of Prussia situated along the southeastern Baltic Coast from Memel to the river Vistula. From the mid-1200s it was a possession and theocratic State of the Teutonic Knights and in 1525 it became their Duchy. From 1701-1918 it was a province of the German state of the Kingdom of Prussia (which from 1871 had became part of the German Empire). From 1919-1945 it was part of the German Republic. In 1858 the population estimates were 2,744,000, comprising 1,947,000 Germans, 610,000 ethnic Poles, 150,000 Lithuanians and Letts, 36,000 Jews, and 1200 Russians. In 1935 it had an area of 14,401 square miles and a population of 2,256,349.[1] Its capital city was Königsberg.

"[East] Prussia was never a part or a province of Poland." ~ Professor William Urban.[2]

Old Prussia

The Baltic tribes
The Teutonic Order State c.1400. Prince-Bishoprics of Ermland, Samland and Pomesania are the little islands in white. East Prussia extended to above the River Memel.

East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Old Prussians, a non-Slav Baltic people of the Indo-European family[3], whose language had become almost extinct by the 18th century. At the beginning of the 1200s the native Prussians were pagan scattered marauding tribes who were constantly raiding the northern parts of the Duchy of Mazovia. Its Duke Conrad had taken part in an unsuccessful crusade against the Prussians in 1222-3. His main aim, however, was to subjugate other dukes with a view to becoming possessor of Cracow and thus the senior prince of those domains with Polish rulers.

Unable to cope with the Prussians at his back, he invited assistance from the military religious Order of the Teutonic Knights. By doing this he merely followed the example of other East European rulers: the Templars and Hospitallers were already established east of the Oder, and even the Spanish Order of Calatrava held lands near Danzig by this date.

The Teutonic Knights sent a detachment to the Vistula in 1229, but having recently had bad experiences in Hungary, whose ruler had betrayed them, they now wanted whatever they conquered. Conrad was quick to agree, giving them the province of Chelmno as a sweetener, and guaranteeing future conquests of the Order to them (not that they were his to offer!). This was also ratified by the Emperor Frederick II. Thus the Teutonic Knights had several advantages which their precursors had lacked. First, they entered Prussia with a free hand.

The Bull issued at Rimini by Frederick, the charter sealed on the bridge at Kruszwica by the Duke of Mazovia, and the Bulls of Pope Gregory IX, all guaranteed that the Order's activities were legally confirmed by the highest possible authorities in Europe. In addition the Order was overwhelmed with assistance: in 1232-3 knights arrived from across Europe. Also, in 1245, Pope Innocent IV granted full indulgences to all who went to Prussia to crusade with the Order.[4]

The indigenous Balts who survived the Northern Crusades were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the overwhelming dominant ethnic group.

Teutonic State

Teutonic Knight

From the 13th century on, Prussia became the theocratic state of the Teutonic Order.[5] Following the Battle of Tannenberg in 1410 and the subsequent imposed Treaty of Thorn (1 Feb 1411), Poland & Lithuania exacted concessions from the Order in parts of West and East Prussia and imposed harsh financial reparations. The Order's new Grand Master, Henry von Plauen, in no time restored the Order's fortunes and became an increasing threat, which led to the formal personal Union of the Polish and Lithuanian Crowns on 2 October 1413.

The Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund von Luxemburg, King of Bohemia, needed more than ever the support of the Empire and of German public opinion, and therefore was not prepared to abandon the Teutonic Order. Without even hearing the arguments of the Polish representatives sent to him at Breslau in the first days of 1420, he simply confirmed the Treaty of Thorn including both the Truce, and the provision that Samogitia should return to the Order after the deaths of King Jagello of Poland and Grand Duke Vitold of Lithuania.

In the summer of 1422 Poland & Lithuania reopened hostilities against the Order, who lost only one of their castles despite the size of the forces against them, and the war ended in a compromise, including the permanent loss of Samogita - which had a short shoreline with the Baltic above Memel-land and now separated East Prussia from Kurland.[6]

The imposed Second Treaty of Thorn was in 1466, whose harsh provisions settled the fate of Prussia for the forseeable future. The Teutonic Order were deprived of their sovereignty of Prussia and were obliged to recognise the King of Poland as their feudal overlord and pay homage as required, although it remained under the Order's governance. Royal or West Prussia, Elbing, Marienburg, Culmland, and the autonomous Bishopric of Ermland, were annexed by Poland (in the case of the Bishopric only as its overlord). Danzig became an autonomous protectorate in personal union with the King of Poland.

British historians Sir J.A.R. Marriott and Sir Charles G. Robertson remarked: "the best half of what German soldier, priest, missionary and trader had won had passed to the Pole, who thrust a solid wedge of Slav territory between the still German eastern half [of Prussia] and the Germany of the basin of the Oder. Over the glories of Marienburg, the wealth of Danzig, and the fortress of Thorn, guarding the Vistula, no longer flew the Black Cross with the Imperial Eagle."

Duchy

In 1511, Albert von Hohenzollern, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, was elected the new Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. He ignored the pleas of the Pope, and took Martin Luther's advice by taking a wife, secularising the Order, and turning Prussia into a secularised Duchy in 1525. Meanwhile, between 1519–1521, Königsberg was unsuccessfully besieged by Polish Forces. In 1618, the Duchy became indissolubly united under the next Duke, Joachim von Hohenzollern, Elector of Brandenburg.

By the 1656 Treaty of Königsberg the Polish King was finally deprived of any sovereign feudal rights over Prussia he had acquired in the imposed 15th century treaties, and by the Treaty of Labiau in the same year the Hohenzollern dynasty finally recovered the sovereignty of Prussia and Ermland.

On May 4, 1660, the Treaty of Oliva, just outside Danzig, came into effect, one of the peace treaties ending the Second Northern War (1655-1660) involving Sweden, Russia, Poland etc. In one of the most critical clauses King Johann II Casimir of Poland confirmed the complete political independence of the Duchy of Prussia from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At Königsberg the Elector of Brandenburg, as Duke of Prussia, henceforward ruled as a sovereign with a European position of stature.[7]

This treaty gave Friedrich Wilhelm I (der Große Kurfürst, or the "Great Elector" - ruled from 1640 until his death in 1688) and Prussia a strong position in the post-Westphalian political order of north-central Europe, setting Prussia up for elevation from duchy to kingdom, achieved under his son and successor, Friedrich I of Prussia, and as the duchy was outside the Holy Roman Empire, the Prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves Kings in Prussia in 1701 (→ Kingdom of Prussia).

Plague

Approximately one-third of East Prussia's population and the last speakers of Old Prussian died in the plague and famine of 1709-1711.[8][9]

Poland's Partitions

Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the dissolution of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, eastern parts of West Prussia (so-called Royal Prussia) were restored to Prussia and all the territory of the whole Duchy of Prussia reorganized, and incorporated into the province of East Prussia the following year.

Between 1829 and 1878, East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia. The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after the Imperial creation in 1871.

20th century

The Memorial to the famous 1920 Plebiscite in Allenstein. It was deliberately destroyed by the Poles in 1945.
See Causes of World War II

Following World War I, the liberal plutocratic Western Allies, in the Treaty of Versailles, separated the province of East Prussia from the rest of Germany by awarding the notorious Polish Corridor to Poland. In addition, in January 1923 Lithuania illegally annexed Memelland, the northern part of East Prussia (returned to Germany in March 1939). Poland also demanded that they be awarded the county of Allenstein, without a vote, because over the centuries ethnic Poles had migrated into this southern county for the stability it offered compared to Poland. The Western Allies, however, in 1920, held a plebescite under military supervision in the city and entire county of Allenstein. 97.5% of the population in a free, fair and secret vote, cast their votes to remain in Germany.

German army column with a Panther tank in East Prussia January 1945

WWII

Civilians fleeing from the murdering and raping Red Army, January 1945 (de)
From left to right: Major General Lang, Captain Heinrich Wilhelm Büsing und division adjutant Major Ottmar Anton Pollmann on 5 March 1945; Büsing received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and Pollmann the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for the liberation of Thierenberg which had been occupied by the Red Army.

In January 1945 the Soviet Union's Red Army invaded East Prussia, committing terrible atrocities (de) along the way, and many of the German population of the province began to flee west, their columns straffed by Soviet fighter planes. If captured they were usually murdered by the Soviet soldiers. Thousands died when ships evacuating them west were deliberately bombed or torpedoed by the Soviets, one example being the Karlsruhe, another the General von Steuben, both ships leaving from Pillau. In addition the Soviets transported thousands of people to Siberian Labour camps, where most perished.

Following Germany's defeat in World War II in May 1945, the province was partitioned by the Soviet Union, the northern enclave becoming their Kaliningrad Oblast. Without any attempt at consulting their Allies, the Soviets illegally handed over to their puppet Communist Polish Government the administration of the bulk of East Prussia. At the Potsdam Conference this was presented by the Soviets as their fait accompli.[10] Poland still claims today that this was agreed at the Potsdam Conference. This is untrue. The Poles now call this their Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (Government district); the Memelland was awarded to the communist Lithuania. The East Prussian capital of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad (after Mikhail Kalinin, a factional ally of Stalin) by the Soviet Union in 1946.

The remaining German population were brutally expelled by the communists, both Soviets and Poles in 1945–47. Thousands died in this outrage and the remainder were expelled. They were replaced in their homes, farms and towns by Poles.[11][12][13][14]

The Flight

The multi-award-winning three-hour German television faction film Die Flucht (The Flight) which starred Maria Furtwängler in the role of Lena, Gräfin (Countess) von Mahlenberg, leaving her aristocratic father in his centuries-old family estate, which he refused to leave, and leading a small convoy of refugees from East Prussia fleeing the advancing Red Army in the winter of 1944/45. In a tragic scene, as the Red Army approached the doors of the manor, the old Count sat calmly down in his Great Hall and shot himself.[15] When first broadcast by ARD in two parts, on 4 and 5 March 2007, it drew 13.5 million viewers.[16]

The film was controversial for portraying German war-time suffering, including during the flight of those who fled East Prussia (although a number of fictitious 'atrocities' were also shown). It led to adverse comment from a foreign-policy adviser to the President of Poland at the time, fearful of potential German claims to the lands or property in East Prussia stolen by Poland in 1945. There have also been multiple adverse reactions from Poland to other movies about the war, and also to the new museum in Berlin dedicated to the civilians mistreated and expelled (and/or murdered) from the eastern German provinces.[17][18][19]

Notable people

See also: Königsberg
  • Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) famous and influential German philosopher.
  • Hermann Sudermann, the 'Balzac of the German East', was born 30 Sept 1857 in Matzicken, near Heydekrug and Memel, and was Germany's most performed playwright in 1900. One of his books (later a film) was Die Reisen nach Tilsit.
  • Gustaf Kossinna (1858-1931) was born in Tilsit. A philologist and archaeologist, he examined settlement archaeology and Indo-European migrations. He published many books on the origins of the Germanic people. After his death, Hans Reinerth, a follower of Kossinna who succeeded him in the chair at the University of Berlin, had his views incorporated into the curriculum in German schools.
  • Paul von Hindenburg, German Field-Marshall and President of Weimar Germany died aged 86 at his estate at Neudeck, East Prussia, 2 Aug 1934.
  • Gustav Adolf Bauer (1870 - 1944) was born in Darkehmen, near Königsberg. He was sometime Leader of the Marxist Social Democratic Party of Germany, Chancellor of Germany from June 1919 to March 1920, and held other ministerial posts in Weimar Germany.
  • Magnus, Freiherr (Baron) von Braun (1878-1972) (father of Wernher von Braun, the famous rocket scientist) was born at his family's manor of Neucken, an estate the von Brauns had owned since 1803, near Prussian-Eylau. A senior and important Civil Servant, between 1911 and 1915 he was the district Chief Executive (Landrat) of the Kreis Wirsitz,in the province of Posen (where he owned another manor). In 1919 he was appointed Commissarial Police President of Stettin and subsequently President of the Governorate of Gumbinnen, in East Prussia. He was Federal Minister of Nutrition and Agriculture 1932-1933.
  • Johannes Blaskowitz (1883-1948) highly decorated German General, was born in Peterswaldau, Wehlau district. In September 1939 he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, promoted to Generaloberst, and appointed as Commander-in-Chief East in Poland on 20 October 1939.
  • Gotthard Fedor August Heinrici (1886-1971) from Gumbinnen, German General and famous defensive strategist. Decorations included the Prussian Iron Cross of 1914: 2nd Class (27 September 1914) & 1st Class (24 July 1915); Prussian Royal House Order of Hohenzollern; Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Swords (9 August 1918); 1939 Clasp to the Iron Cross: 2nd Class (13 May 1940) & 1st Class (16 June 1940); Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords.
  • Walther Funk (1890 - 1960) was born in Danzkehmen, near Trakehnen, Kreis Stalluponen. An economist he eventually became President of the Reichsbank. He was a patron of the arts and accomplished pianist.
  • Dietrich Friedrich Eduard von Saucken (1892-1980), German General born in Fischhausen, East Prussia. He commanded the 2nd Army (East Prussia). Captured by the Red Army in May 1945, he was initially imprisoned in the NKVD Lubyanka building in Moscow and Oriol prison before being taken to the Tayshet camp in Siberia in 1949. He was kept in solitary confinement, sentenced to hard labour and tortured by Soviets after he refused to sign false confessions. As a result he had to use a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He was released from Soviet captivity in 1955. Von Saucken was the last soldier to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with oak leaves, swords and diamonds, Germany's highest military award.
  • Carl Werner Dankwort (1895-1986) born in Gumbinnen, a German diplomat who played a major role in bringing Germany into the League of Nations in 1926. He later represented the German contingent in the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation, the post-World War II effort better known as the Marshall Plan.
  • Hellmuth Prieß (b. 1896) Wehrmacht General, was killed on 21 October 1944 in Hasenrode, East Prussia.
  • Ernst Tiburzy (1911–2004) was born at Drosdowen, Johannisburg district, and was a Volkssturm member during World War II. He was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class for conspicuous bravery, and subsequently the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his gallantry fighting alone and the destruction of five Soviet T-34 tanks with Panzerfausts on 10 Feb 1945 during the defense of Königsberg. He is one of only five Volkssturm members to have been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.
  • Günther Tlotzek was born 9 Feb 1923 in Sokolken, Kreis Lyck, East Prussia; a German officer in the Wehrmacht in the Second World War, and later an author.

Maps

  • The Teutonic Order State in 1300

  • Pomerelia and Prussia showing the Teutonic Order's territories and the autonomous Prince-Bishoprics

  • East Prussia between 1920-May 1945

  • East Prussia in 1939

  • The counties of East Prussia until 1945

  • East Prussia main roads (excluding Memelland)

Further reading

  • A History of Prussia by Professor H. W. Koch, Longmans, U.K., 1978, ISBN 0-582-48190-2
  • Prussia by Giles MacDonogh, London, 1994, ISBN 1-85619-267-9
  • The Germanization of Early Mediaeval Christianity by Dr. James C. Russell, Oxford University Press, U.K., 1996. ISBN 0-19-510466-8
  • Prussian Nights by Alexander Solzhenitsyn (translated by Robert Conquest), London, 1977. ISBN: 0-00-262648-9
  • The Last Rally - The German Defence of East Prussia, Pomerania and Danzig 1944-45, by Ian Baxter, Helion & Co., Solihull, England, 2010, ISBN: 978-1-906033-74-3

German

External links

References

  1. ↑ The New Pictorial Atlas of the World, with Gazetteer by Odhams Press Ltd., London, 1935, p.249.
  2. ↑ The Teutonic Knights by Professor William Urban, London & USA, 2003, p.41. ISBN: 1-85367-535-0
  3. ↑ Bury, Professor J.B., The Cambridge Medieval History, edited by H.M.Gwatkin, M.A., and J.P.Whitney, B.D., vol.ii, Cambridge University Press UK, 1913, chapter xiv "The Expansion of the Slavs", p.418,
  4. ↑ Christiansen, Professor Eric, The Northern Crusades - The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100-1525, Macmillan, London, 1980, pps:78-80.
  5. ↑ Ostpreußen: The Great Trek
  6. ↑ The Cambridge History of Poland, edited by W.F.Reddaway, J.H. Penson, O.Halecki, & R.Dyboski, Cambridge University Press, UK, 1950, Chapter XI.
  7. ↑ The Evolution of Prussia by Sir J.A.R. Marriott, M.A., and Sir Charles Grant Robertson, C.V.O., LL.D., M.A., Oxford UK, 1937, Chapter III.
  8. ↑ A Treatise on Political Economy
  9. ↑ The Prussians, “Ideal Prussians”, Old Prussian and New Prussian
  10. ↑ Balfour, Michael, Four-Power Control in Germany and Austria 1945-1946, Oxford University Press, U.K., 1956, p.78.
  11. ↑ The Expulsion of the German Population from the Territories East of the Oder-Neisse Line, editor Professor Theodor Schieder with an editorial committee of four others, Published by the Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims, Bonn, West Germany, 1954.
  12. ↑ Orderly and Humane by Professor R. J. Douglas, Yale University Press, 2012, ISBN: 9-780300-198201
  13. ↑ A Terrible Revenge by Professor Alfred Maurice de Zayas, Palgrave-Macmillan, New York, 1993/4, reprint 2006, ISBN: 978-1-4039-7308-5
  14. ↑ Weeds Like Us by Gunter Nitsch, Author House, Bloomington, IN., USA, ISBN: 978-3-4389-3312-2
  15. ↑ Paterson, Tony (5 March 2007). "German TV Breaks Taboo with Story of Refugees". The Independent. http://rense.com/general75/refu.htm. 
  16. ↑ Meza, Ed (Oct 5, 2007). "Germany Keen on Epic Productions". Variety. https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117973489.html?categoryid=2715&cs=1. 
  17. ↑ https://www.dw.com/en/new-berlin-museum-confronts-fate-of-germanys-wwii-refugees/a-57959068
  18. ↑ https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/en/content/museum-memorial-twenty-years-controversy-about-documentation-centre
  19. ↑ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-poland-idUSL1962600920080319
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