Chronology of Austria

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The Chronology of Austria refers to the history of Austria from the time as part of the Kingdom of the East Franks in Germania, over the time as part of the Holy Roman Empire to the modern-day Republic of Austria as a result of World War II. The region has been inhabited since c. 25,000 B.C.[1]

Marchia Orientalis in blue before its separation from the Bavarian lands

Chronology

Ostarrîchi
Habsburg Empire (orange), Luxembourg (violet) and Wittelsbach (green) dominions within the HRE, 14th century

East Frankia

Austrian Circle (1512–1806) in red (German: Österreichischer Reichskreis), an Imperial Circle of the HRE at the beginning of the 16th century
Austrian Armed Forces in the early 20th century
Germany and Austria [→ Ostreich] united in loyalty, the intrigues of the envious world are broken.
  • Arnulf of Carinthia (d. 8 December 899) was the duke of Carinthia in Ostarrîchi who overthrew his uncle, Charles the Fat, became the Carolingian king of East Francia from 887, the disputed King of Italy from 894 and the disputed Roman-German Emperor from 22 February 896 until his death at Regensburg, Bavaria. Although duke in Ostarrîchi, he originates from the Duchy of Bavaria (555–1623), his father Cwas arloman (German: Karlmann; c. 830 – 22 March 880), a Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty. He was the eldest son of Louis the German, king of East Francia, and Hemma, daughter of a Bavarian count.
  • From 900 more and more invasions of the Magyars into German territory were jeopardizing the security of the Empire. An East Frankish army under king Emperor Otto I trapped a Hungarian army behind the Lech (Battle of Lechfeld) on 10 August 955 and wiped it out, saving the city of Augsburg and extending East Frankish territory eastward; gradual German reconquest of the region began.
  • 960 Burkhard was created margrave in the Bavarian marchia orientalis (eastern march), comprising territories recently conquered from the Hungarians, under the lordship of the Duchy of Bavaria and its duke, his sister-in-law's husband Henry II, Duke of Bavaria.
  • 994 Emperor Otto III, king of Kingdom of Germany, appointed Leopold the Illustrious's son Henry I the Strong, Margrave of Austria margrave of the Eastern March.

Holy Roman Empire

Main article: Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
  • 972/76–1156 Margraviate of the Bavarian Eastern March (German: Bayerische Ostmark), later Ostarrîchi (German: Markgrafschaft Österreich); Since 976, it was governed by margraves from the Franconian noble House of Babenberg. The margraviate was protecting the eastern borders of the Holy Roman Empire, towards neighbouring Hungary. It became an Imperial State in its own right, when the Austrian margraves were elevated to Dukes of Austria in 1156.
    • 1 November 996 The term "Ostarrîchi" for the Roman-German territory "in the east" was first used in a medieval manuscript, possibly in reference to a small fief within the Eastern March (Ostmark).
  • 1156–1453 Duchy of Austria (German: Herzogtum Österreich), a medieval principality of the Holy Roman Empire, established by the Privilegium Minus of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, when the Margraviate of Austria (Ostarrîchi) was detached from Bavaria and elevated to a duchy in its own right.
  • 1453–1806 Archduchy of Austria (German: Erzherzogtum Österreich), a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire. From the 15th century onwards, all Holy Roman Emperors but one were also archdukes of Austria.

Napoleonic Wars

Main article: Napoleonic Wars

The first stage of the wars against Napoleon broke out when Great Britain declared war on France on 18 May 1803. After some minor campaigns, Britain allied with Austria, Imperial Russia, and several minor powers to form the Third Coalition in April 1805. Napoleon defeated the allied Russian-Austrian armies in the subsequent war, which climaxed in French victories at Ulm and at Austerlitz, leading to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and Austria being forced to make peace by the end of the year.

After the laying down of the German Imperial crown

After WW I

  • 1918–1919 Republic of German-Austria (German: Republik Deutschösterreich)
    • German Austria, German-Austria, or officially the Republic of German Austria (1918/19), referred to the predominantly German-speaking territories of the Austrian lands (Cisleithania) within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Following the dissolution of the multi-ethnic state, a new state emerged in 1918 from a large portion of the German-speaking territories. The German-speaking members of the last Imperial Council of the Monarchy convened in Vienna on 21 October 1918, as the Provisional National Assembly of German Austria. In the following days, the Dual Monarchy effectively collapsed. On 30 October 1918, the German-speaking members of parliament elected the State Council as their executive body, which appointed the Renner I government for the German-speaking territory represented by the assembly and swore it in on 31 October. The representatives of German Austria refused to be drawn into the armistice of Villa Giusti, concluded on 3 November 1918, by exponents of the old order, and refrained from any participation or acknowledgment of it. On 12 November 1918, the day after the Emperor's abdication and the dismissal of his last government, they proclaimed the German-Austrian Republic based on a resolution of the Provisional National Assembly of 11 November and passed the "Law on the Form of State and Government of German Austria". On 21 October 1919, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) was ratified by the National Assembly (effective on 16 July 1920). From then, the new state was officially named the Republic of Austria (the term "German Austria" was opposed by the victorious powers). The planned accession to the German Reich was explicitly ruled out by treaty provisions, even for the future (furthermore, Germany was obligated to recognize Austria's independence in the Treaty of Versailles). However, the peace treaty also stipulated that German West Hungary (later called Burgenland) was to be annexed to Austria (a similar provision can be found in the Treaty of Trianon, concluded between the victorious powers and Hungary in 1920). The majority of the designated territory was incorporated into Austria in November/December 1921.
  • 1919–1934 Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich)
  • 1934–1938 Federal State of Austria (German: Bundesstaat Österreich) in its pre-1938 frontiers

Reunification with Germany

After WW II

  • 1945–1955 Four allied occupation zones (Allied-occupied Austria)
  • 15. May / 27. Juli 1955 (2nd) Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich or Zweite Republik)

See also

External links

Encyclopedias

References

  1. ↑ In 2005 archaeologists in northern Austria reported finding the remains of two newborns dating back 27,000 years (25,000 B.C.) while excavating a hillside near Krems. The newborns were buried beneath mammoth bones and with a string of 31 beads, suggesting that the internment involved some sort of ritual. More than 150 large pagan temples of the Proto-Germanic period, constructed between 4800 B.C. an 4600 B.C., were unearthed in fields and cities in Germany, Austria and Slovakia in 2002-2005. A village at Aythra, near Leipzig in Germany, was home to some 300 people living in up to 20 large buildings around the temple.
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