Bernhard Weiß

Dr. iur. et rer. pol. Bernhard Weiß

Bernhard Weiß (or Weiss) (30 July 1880 – 29 July 1951) was a German Jewish officer, lawyer and Vice-President of the Berlin police during the Weimar Republic. A member of the liberal Deutsche Demokratisch Partei - founded by another Jew, Eugen Schiffer - Weiß was known as a key player in the political tensions during the Weimar Republic and an opponent of both Communist and National Socialist activity in the city.

Life

Family

Born in Berlin into a liberal Jewish family, Weiß was active in the Jewish community of Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, and was a board member of the (reform) rabbinical seminary and a member of the Central Union of German Citizens of Jewish Belief, the organization dedicated to protecting the civil and social rights of Jews in Germany while at the same time cultivating their German identity.

Military

In 1904, Weiß volunteered to undergo military training with a cavalry regiment as a one-year volunteer (Einjährig-Freiwilliger) and was commissioned as a reserve officer in the Royal Bavarian Army in 1908, as Jews were not accepted in the Prussian Army. During the First World War, he was platoon leader in a Reserve Medical Company and was finally promoted to the rank of Captain (Rittmeister) within the Imperial German Army as the officer commanding a medical company, also serving as deputy battalion commander.

Career

Weiß held two doctorates in law and state politics (Dr. iur. et rer. pol. 1904 in Würzburg) and made a name for himself as an efficient lawyer and judge becoming the first Jew to enter the Civil Service in pre-Weimar Germany.

In 1918, Weiß was appointed Deputy Chief of the Berlin Criminal Police, the Kripo (and became its head in 1925) an obvious political appointment. Two years later, in 1920, he was made Oberregierungsrat and Head of the Political Police and was appointed Vice-President of the entire Berlin police force in 1927, in which year Weiß ordered the shutting down of the Berlin branch of the National Socialist Party, and in the same year had 500 of their members arrested for belonging to an illegal organization when they returned from a rally in Nuremberg. On several occasions Weiß also prevented Dr. Goebbels from speaking at National Socialist meetings. In 1928 Weiß's Jewish friend Robert Kempner was advanced to Chief Legal Advisor to the Prussian police.

On 9 August 1931, a low point was reached when Erich Mielke and other communists murdered two and wounded another German policeman at the Bülowplatz in Berlin (Polizistenmorde auf dem Bülowplatz). Between 1 January 1928 and the end of October 1932, the KPD's Antifa terrorist organization murdered eight police officers and injured 870 police officers, mostly seriously. Weiß hated the communists, but his Jewish origin and his anti-NSDAP stance made him open to criticism.

Franz von Papen, Chancellor of Germany, on 20 July 1932, had both Weiß, President of Police Albert Grzesinski (real surname Lehmann), and the commander of the Schutzpolizei, Magnus Heimannsberg, under arrest in the officer's prison in Moabit, but all three were freed on the next day, after they had signed a commitment not to take any more official action.

Weiß fled Germany first in 1933 to Prague with his wife and then in early 1934 (with Czechoslovak passports) to London, where he set up a small graphic company.

Death

After the end of the war, Bernhard Weiß returned to Germany. In September 1949 he finally visited Berlin - shortly afterwards he wrote to the mayor there, Ernst Reuter: It is my dearest wish in life to return to Berlin." However, due to cancer that has been progressing for three years, Weiß can no longer accept the offer.

In 1951, shortly after becoming a German citizen again, he died in London.

Family

Bernhard Weiß was the son of Max Weiß, a grain wholesaler from Oranienburg, and his wife Emma, ​​née Strelitz, who came from Breslau. He had three older sisters and two younger brothers. His parents came from liberal Jewish families. His father was chairman of the Fasanenstrasse synagogue board in Charlottenburg and on the advisory board of the College for the Science of Judaism. Bernhard Weiß initially attended the Französisches Gymnasium in Berlin, but at the age of 13, due to health problems and academic difficulties following his mother's death, he transferred to the Fridericianum in the small Thuringian town of Rudolstadt, where he graduated with Abitur in 1900.

Marriage

In 1920, Weiß married Lotte Edith Buss, 21 years his junior, and the couple had a daughter the following year. Through his art-loving wife, he became acquainted with the leading artists of the Weimar Republic. The operatic tenor Richard Tauber and the conductor Bruno Walter were friends of the institution, thus making Weiß a fixture in Berlin's cultural scene. As his late father's successor, he was elected to the board of trustees of the College for the Science of Judaism in 1926.

Promotions

• 1905 Unteroffizier (NCO/Corporal/Junior Sergeant)
• 1906 Vizewachtmeister der Reserve (Junior Sergeant-Major of the Reserves) and reserve officer candidate (Reserveoffizier-Aspirant)
• 11 February 1908 Leutnant der Reserve (2nd Lieutenant of the Reserves) of the 3. Train-Abteiling (supply train battalion)
• 1916 Oberleutnant der Reserve (1st Lieutenant of the Reserves)
• Rittmeister der Reserve (Captain)

Awards and decorations (excerpt)

• Bavarian Prince Regent Luitpold Medal in Bronze (Prinzregent-Luitpold-Medaille) on the ribbon of the Anniversary Medal for the Army, 1911
• Iron Cross (1914), 2nd and 1st Class
• Military Merit Order (Bavaria), 4th Class with Swords (BMV4⚔/BM4⚔)
• Oldenburg Friedrich August Cross (Friedrich-August-Kreuz), 2nd and 1st Class (OFA1/OK1)

Honours

Today, off Berlin's Alexanderplatz, a small part (street section in front of the Senate Department for Education, Science and Research) of the former Neue Königstraße (since 10 April 1810, before that Bernauer Straße; built in the Middle Ages) was renamed Bernhard-Weiß-Straße in 2011. The GDR communists had renamed the Neue Königstraße to Hans-Beimler-Straße (KPD) in 1966. The main part of the former Neue Königstraße/Hans-Beimler-Straße was declared to Otto-Braun-Straße (SDP Minister-President of the Free State of Prussia, from 1920 to 1932) in 2007.

The Union of Jewish Soldiers in the German Armed Forces or Bundeswehr (RjF) has been awarding the "Bernhard Weiß Medal for understanding and tolerance" since 2007.

Sources

• Michael Berger: "Bernhard Weiß, preußischer Jude und Offizier", in: Eisernes Kreuz und Davidstern. Die Geschichte Jüdischer Soldaten in Deutschen Armeen, trafo verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN|3-89626-476-1, p. 203–207.
• Michael Berger: "Dr. Bernhard Weiß. Sein Kampf für Demokratie und Rechtsstaat in der Weimarer Republik" in: Eisernes Kreuz – Doppeladler – Davidstern. Juden in deutschen und österreichisch-ungarischen Armeen. Der Militärdienst jüdischer Soldaten durch zwei Jahrhunderte, trafo verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN|978-3-89626-962-1, p. 146–150.
• Dietz Bering: Kampf um Namen. Bernhard Weiß gegen Joseph Goebbels. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1991.
• Joachim Rott: Bernhard Weiß (1880–1951), Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2008, ISBN-3-938485-54-X.
• Bjoern Weigel: "Bernhard Weiß" in: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Handbuch des Antisemitismus - Judenfeindschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Band 2: "Personen", de Gruyter/Saur, Berlin 2009, ISBN|978-3-598-24072-0, p. 880–882.