Friedrich List

Friedrich List
Lithography of Professor Dr. iur. h. c. Friedrich List by Josef Kriehuber, 1845
Born	6 August 1789(1789-08-06) in Reutlingen, Duchy of Württemberg, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
Died	30 November 1846 (aged 57) in Kufstein, County of Tyrol, Austrian Empire, German Confederation
Nationality	German
Influences List's economic theory of productive forces was influenced by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling's philosophy of productive forces, which List knew.
Spouse	∞ 1818 Karoline Neidhard

Daniel Friedrich List (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German economic theorist as well as entrepreneur, diplomat and railway pioneer. He argued for a policy of economic protectionism for young industries and countries. He was also influential in the creation of custom union(s) between the German states. he must neither be confused with the painter Georg Friedrich List nor with the Johann Georg Friedrich List (1753–1806; ⚔ as a military hospital inspector) nor with Prof. Dr. jur. Friedrich List (1887–1965).

The founding of the 'German Trade and Commerce Association' in Frankfurt in 1819 was an important milestone on the way to the German Customs Union (1834). In 1820/21, briefly a member of the Württemberg state parliament, came into conflict with the government; At the end of February 1821, he was excluded from the chamber and sentenced (1822) to 10 months' imprisonment, which he escaped by fleeing. 1824, Rrturn to Württemberg and arrest. In 1825, he emigrated to the USA, where, among other things, he came to wealth and reputation as a journalist and entrepreneur. in 1827, he became a member of the masonic lodge Deutscher Orden der Harugari, Teutonia Loge No. 367 in West Reading, PA. After his return to Germany in 1832, he initiated the publication of the 'Staats-Lexikon' by Rotteck/Welcker (15 volumes, 1834–1843) and campaigned (including in Saxony) for the development of the German railway network. When the hoped-for political rehabilitation in Württemberg failed to materialize, he moved to Paris in 1837. 1840, return to Germany. At the beginning of 1841, he moved to Augsburg, where he had already had connections through many years of journalistic work for the Allgemeine Zeitung (since 1817). In October 1841, he was finally rehabilitated by the King of Württemberg.

Eugen Dühring, a lecturer at the university of Berlin, declared that List's doctrines represented 'the first real advance' in economics since the publication of The Wealth of Nations (1776).

Biography

List bust by Adolf Lehnert at Leipzig main station

He was born in Württemberg in the free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt) Reutlingen as son of Johannes List (1746–1813) and his wife Maria Magdalena, née Schäfer (1754–1815). His grandfather was Daniel List (1722–1783) who's name he received. His birthday is not known for certain; the most commonly mentioned 6 August 1789 was the day of his baptism. After Friedrich attended the Latin school in his hometown, he began an apprenticeship with his father at the age of 14.

Unwilling to follow the occupation of his father, who was a wealthy master tanner and a member of the imperial city patriciate, he became a clerk in the public service in 1805, and by 1816 had risen to the post of ministerial under-secretary. In 1817, he was appointed professor of administration and politics at the University of Tübingen, but the fall of the ministry in 1819 compelled him to resign. As a deputy to the Württemberg chamber, he was active in advocating administrative reforms. He was eventually expelled from the chamber and in April 1822 sentenced to ten months' imprisonment with hard labor in the fortress of Asperg. He escaped to Alsace, and after visiting France and England returned in 1824 to finish his sentence, and was released on undertaking to emigrate to America.

Arriving in the United States in 1825, he settled in Pennsylvania, where he became an extensive landholder. He first engaged in farming, but soon switched to journalism and edited a German paper in Reading. He was active in the establishment of railroads.

Few argue (e.g. Chang, 2002) that it was in America that he gathered from a study of Alexander Hamilton's work the inspiration which made him an economist of his pronounced "National System" views which found realization in Henry Clay's American System]]. Most deny this, since he argued for a German customs union already in 1819, when he established the first German union for industry and trade. List's ideas on protectionism predate his American sojourn, and were influenced by liberal protectionists such as Adolphe Thiers. The main theoretical reference approvingly cited by List in his 1827 pamphlet Outlines of American Political Economy, in which he defended the doctrine of pragmatic protection and free trade, was Jean-Antoine Chaptal's De l’industrie française (1819). The discovery of coal on some land which he had acquired made him financially independent.

In 1830, he was appointed United States consul in Hamburg, but on his arrival in Europe, he found that the Senate had failed to confirm his appointment. After residing for some time in Paris, he returned to Pennsylvania. He next settled in Leipzig in 1833, where for some time he was U. S. consul. He was a journalist in Paris from 1837 to 1843. He wrote several letters for the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung, which were published in 1841 in a volume under the title of Das Nationale System der Politischen Ökonomie.

In 1843, he established the Zollvereinsblatt in Augsburg, a newspaper in which he advocated the enlargement of the custom's union (German: Zollverein), and the organization of a national commercial system. He strongly advocated the extension of the railway system in Germany. The development of the Zollverein to where it unified Germany economically was due largely to his enthusiasm and ardour.

In 1841, his ill health had led him to decline an offer to edit the Rheinische Zeitung, a new Cologne paper of liberal views, and Karl Marx took the post. He visited Austria and Hungary in 1844.

Influences

Though List's practical conclusions were different from those of Adam Müller (1779–1829), he was largely influenced by Alexander Hamilton and the American School rooted in Hamilton's economic principles, including Daniel Raymond, but also by the general mode of thinking of America's first Treasury Secretary, and by his strictures on the doctrine of Adam Smith. He opposed the cosmopolitan principle in the contemporary economical system and the absolute doctrine of free trade which was in harmony with that principle, and instead developed the infant industry argument, to which he had been exposed by Hamilton and Raymond. He gave prominence to the national idea and insisted on the special requirements of each nation according to its circumstances and especially to the degree of its development. He famously doubted the sincerity of calls to free trade from developed nations, in particular Britain:

Any nation which by means of protective duties and restrictions on navigation has raised her manufacturing power and her navigation to such a degree of development that no other nation can sustain free competition with her, can do nothing wiser than to throw away these ladders of her greatness, to preach to other nations the benefits of free trade, and to declare in penitent tones that she has hitherto wandered in the paths of error, and has now for the first time succeeded in discovering the truth.

Economics based on nations

List's theory of "national economics" differed from the doctrines of "individual economics" and "cosmopolitan economics" by Adam Smith and J.B. Say. List contrasted the economic behaviour of an individual with that of a nation. An individual promotes only his own personal interests but a state fosters the welfare of all its citizens. An individual may prosper from activities which harm the interests of a nation. "Slavery may be a public calamity for a country, nevertheless some people may do very well in carrying on the slave trade and in holding slaves." Likewise, activities beneficial to society may injure the interests of certain individuals. "Canals and railroads may do great good to a nation, but all waggoners will complain of this improvement. Every new invention has some inconvenience for a number of individuals, and is nevertheless a public blessing". List argued that although some government action was essential to stimulate the economy, an overzealous government might do more harm than good. "It is bad policy to regulate everything and to promote everything by employing social powers, where things may better regulate themselves and can be better promoted by private exertions; but it is no less bad policy to let those things alone which can only be promoted by interfering social power."

Due to the "universal union" that nations have with their populace, List stated that "from this political union originates their commercial union, and it is in consequence of the perpetual peace thus maintained that commercial union has become so beneficial to them. … The result of a general free trade would not be a universal republic, but, on the contrary, a universal subjection of the less advanced nations to the predominant manufacturing, commercial and naval power, is a conclusion for which the reasons are very strong. … A universal republic …, i.e. a union of the nations of the earth whereby they recognise the same conditions of right among themselves and renounce self-redress, can only be realised if a large number of nationalities attain to as nearly the same degree as possible of industry and civilisation, political cultivation and power. Only with the gradual formation of this union can free trade be developed, only as a result of this union can it confer on all nations the same great advantages which are now experienced by those provinces and states which are politically united. The system of protection, inasmuch as it forms the only means of placing those nations which are far behind in civilisation on equal terms with the one predominating nation", appears to be the most efficient means of furthering the final union of nations, and hence also of promoting true freedom of trade."

In his seventh letter List repeated his assertion that economists should realise that since the human race is divided into independent states, "a nation would act unwisely to endeavour to promote the welfare of the whole human race at the expense of its particular strength, welfare, and independence. It is a dictate of the law of self-preservation to make its particular advancement in power and strength the first principles of its policy". A country should not count the cost of defending the overseas trade of its merchants. And "the manufacturing and agricultural interest must be promoted and protected even by sacrifices of the majority of the individuals, if it can be proved that the nation would never acquire the necessary perfection … without such protective measures."

Disagreements with Adam Smith's ideas

List argued that statesmen had two responsibilities: "one to contemporary society and one to future generations". Normally, most of leaders' attention is occupied by urgent matters, leaving little time to consider future problems. But when a country had reached a turning point in its development, its leaders were morally obliged to deal with issues that would affect the next generation. "On the threshold of a new phase in the development of their country, statesmen should be prepared to take the long view, despite the need to deal also with matters of immediate urgency."

List's fundamental doctrine was that a nation's true wealth is the full and many-sided development of its productive power, rather than its current exchange values. For example, its economic education should be more important than immediate production of value, and it might be right that one generation should sacrifice its gain and enjoyment to secure the strength and skill of the future. Under normal conditions, an economically mature nation should also develop agriculture, manufacture and commerce. But the two latter factors were more important because they better influenced the nation's culture and independence. These factors were especially connected to navigation, railways and high technology, while a purely agricultural state tended to stagnate. But, List claims, only countries in temperate regions were adapted to grow higher forms of industry. On the other hand, tropical regions had a natural monopoly in the production of certain raw materials. Thus, there was a spontaneous division of labor and confederation of powers between these two groups of countries.

List contended that Smith's economic system is not an industrial system but a mercantile system, and called it "the exchange-value system". Contrary to Smith, he argued that the immediate private interest of individuals would not lead to the highest good of society. The nation stood between the individual and humanity, and was defined by its language, manners, historical development, culture and constitution. This unity must be the first condition of the security, well-being, progress and civilization of the individual. Private economic interests, like all others, must be subordinated to the maintenance, completion and strengthening of the nation.

Stages of economic development

List theorised that nations of the temperate zone (which are furnished with all the necessary conditions) naturally pass through stages of economic development in advancing to their normal economic state. These are:

1. pastoral life
2. agriculture
3. agriculture united with manufactures
4. agriculture, manufactures and commerce are combined

The progress of the nation through these stages is the task of the state, which must create the required conditions for the progress by using legislation and administrative action. This view leads to List's scheme of industrial politics. Every nation should begin with free trade, stimulating and improving its agriculture by trade with richer and more cultivated nations, importing foreign manufactures and exporting raw products. When it is economically so far advanced that it can manufacture for itself, then protection should be used to allow the home industries to develop, and save them from being overpowered by the competition of stronger foreign industries in the home market. When the national industries have grown strong enough that this competition is not a threat, then the highest stage of progress has been reached; free trade should again become the rule, and the nation be thus thoroughly incorporated with the universal industrial union. What a nation loses in exchange during the protective period, it more than gains in the long run in productive power. The temporary expenditure is analogous to the cost of the industrial education of the individual.

"In a thousand cases the power of the State is compelled to impose restrictions on private industry. It prevents the ship owner from taking on board slaves on the west coast of Africa, and taking them over to America. It imposes regulations as to the building of steamers and the rules of navigation at sea, in order that passengers and sailors may not be sacrificed to the avarice and caprice of the captains. …Everywhere does the State consider it to be its duty to guard the public against danger and loss, as in the sale of the necessaries of life, so also in the sale of medicines, &c."

View of Britain and world trade

While List once had urged Germany to join other 'manufacturing nations of the second rank' to check Britain's 'insular supremacy', by 1841 he considered that the United States and Russia would become the most powerful countries—a view expressed by Alexis de Tocqueville the previous year. List hoped to persuade political leaders in Britain to co-operate with Germany to ward off this danger. His proposal was perhaps not so far-fetched as might appear at first sight. In 1844, the writer of an article in a leading review had declared that 'in every point of view, whether politically or commercially, we can have no better alliance than that of the German nation, spreading as it does, its 42 millions of souls without interruption over the surface of central Europe'

The practical conclusion which List drew for Germany was that it needed for its economic progress an extended and conveniently bounded territory reaching to the seacoast both on north and south, and a vigorous expansion of manufacture and trade, and that the way to the latter lay through judicious protective legislation with a customs union comprising all German lands, and a German marine with a Navigation Act. The national German spirit, striving after independence and power through union, and the national industry, awaking from its lethargy and eager to recover lost ground, were favorable to the success of List's book, and it produced a great sensation. He ably represented the tendencies and demands of his time in his own country; his work had the effect of fixing the attention, not merely of the speculative and official classes, but of practical men generally, on questions of political economy; and his ideas were undoubtedly the economic foundation of modern Germany as applied by the practical genius of Bismarck.

List considered that Napoleon's 'Continental System', aimed just at damaging Britain during a bitter long-term war, had in fact been quite good for German industry. This was the direct opposite of what was believed by the followers of Adam Smith. As List put it:

I perceived that the popular theory took no account of nations, but simply of the entire human race on the one hand, or of the single individual on the other. I saw clearly that free competition between two nations which are highly civilised can only be mutually beneficial in case both of them are in a nearly equal position of industrial development, and that any nation which owing to misfortunes is behind others in industry, commerce, and navigation… must first of all strengthen her own individual powers, in order to fit herself to enter into free competition with more advanced nations. In a word, I perceived the distinction between cosmopolitical and political economy.

List's argument was that Germany should follow actual British practice rather than the abstractions of Smith's doctrines:

Had the English left everything to itself—'Laissez faire, laissez aller', as the popular economical school recommends—the [German] merchants of the Steelyard would be still carrying on their trade in London, the Belgians would be still manufacturing cloth for the English, England would have still continued to be the sheep-farm of the Hansards, just as Portugal became the vineyard of England, and has remained so till our days, owing to the stratagem of a cunning diplomatist. Indeed, it is more than probable that without her [highly protectionist] commercial policy England would never have attained to such a large measure of municipal and individual freedom as she now possesses, for such freedom is the daughter of industry and wealth.

Note that, in this passage, List himself is considering England alone rather than the larger commercial union of the U.K. (or else conflating the terms), a union that affected developments there and influenced the thinking of Adam Smith, himself a Scot.

Railways

List was the leading promoter of railways in Germany. His proposals on how to start up a system were widely adopted. He summed up the advantages to be derived from the development of the railway system in 1841:

1. It is a means of national defence: it facilitates the concentration, distribution and direction of the army.
2. It is a means to the improvement of the culture of the nation…. It brings talent, knowledge and skill of every kind readily to market.
3. It secures the community against dearth and famine, and against excessive fluctuation in the prices of the necessaries of life.
4. It promotes the spirit of the nation, as it has a tendency to destroy the Philistine spirit arising from isolation and provincial prejudice and vanity. It binds nations by ligaments, and promotes an interchange of food and of commodities, thus making it feel to be a unit. The iron rails become a nerve system, which, on the one hand, strengthens public opinion, and, on the other hand, strengthens the power of the state for police and governmental purposes.

Death

In 1846, he visited Britain with a view to forming a commercial alliance between that country and Germany, but was unsuccessful. He returned to Augsburg deeply disappointed. His latter days were darkened by many misfortunes; he lost much of his American property in a financial crisis, ill-health also overtook him. On a trip to Tyrol in 1846, he committed suicide in Kufstein with a seven-inch travel pistol. However, since the autopsy revealed that List was “afflicted with such a degree of melancholy that made free thought and action impossible,” he could still be given a Christian burial.

“It was List who gave rise to a general sense of political economy in Germany, without which no nation can adequately shape its destiny.” – Obituary in the Börsen-Nachrichten der Ostsee from 1 January 1847.

Legacy

List's principal work is entitled Das Nationale System der Politischen Ökonomie (1841) and was translated into English as National System of Political Economy (1856). Before 1914, List and Marx were the two best-known German economists and theorists of development.

"This book has been more frequently translated than the works of any other German economist, except Karl Marx."

He is credited with influencing National Socialism in Germany, and his ideas are credited as forming the basis of the European Economic Community. His influence among developing nations has been considerable. Japan has followed his model. It has also been argued that Deng Xiaoping's post-Mao policies were inspired by List.

As Marx was not interested in the survival of the capitalist system, he was not really concerned with economic policy, except in so far as the labour movement was involved. There, his argument was concentrated on measures to limit the length of the working day, and to strengthen trade union bargaining power. His analysis was also largely confined to the situation in the leading capitalist country of his day—the UK—and he did not consider the policy problems of other Western countries in catching up with the lead country (as Friedrich List did). In so far as Marx was concerned with other countries, it was mainly with poor countries which were victims of Western imperialism in the merchant capitalist era.

Heterodox economists, such as Ha-Joon Chang and Erik Reinert, refer to List often explicitly when writing about suitable economic policies for developing countries.

Family

Emilie (1818–1902) and Elise (1822–1893)

Marriage

During his time as a professor in Tübingen, List married the widowed Karoline Friederike Neidhard, daughter of the poet David Christoph Seybold and sister of the writer and editor Ludwig Georg Friedrich Seybold and the Major General Johann Karl Christoph von Seybold (1777–1833) on 19 February 1818 in Wertheim. For this marriage in Wertheim, Grand Duchy of Baden, List, as a citizen of the Kingdom of Württemberg, had to request royal permission and a dispensation from the University of Tübingen.

They had four children:

• Friederike Luise Emilie (b. 10 December 1818 in Tübingen; date of baptism), List's favorite daughter, served him as his secretary from 1833
• Oskar Adolf Friedrich Andreas (b. 23 February 1820 in Stuttgart; date of baptism), he died 1840 of typhus as a soldier in the French Foreign Legion)
• Elisabeth "Elise" Friederike Mathilde (b. 1 July 1822 in Stuttgart [date of baptism]; d. 4 January 1893 in Munich), a talented aria singer, who was painted by Joseph Karl Stieler in 1844 for Ludwig I's gallery of beauties; ∞ 27 March 1845 wealthy widower and industrialist in Vienna Gustav Mori(t)z Pacher von Theinburg (6 February 1808 – 25 January 1852). Elise's husband died of typhoid fever, after which Elise and her children moved to Munich. They had four children plus two from her husbands first marriage with Elisabeth Adelheid Maria Wilhelmina, née von Cappellini :
  • Eugen Johann Gustav Thomas (1836–1885)
  • Ludwig "Louis" Aurel (1837–1910)
  • Leontine Meta (b. 25 February 1846), lived only 4 days: “They say, due to a mistake made by the ‘white woman’ [midwife] — possibly a forceps delivery — the child was fatally wounded.”
  • Friedrich "Fritz" Ludwig (1847–1934), state official (Beamter), later wealthy industrialist; in 1874, he had a short, but intense flirt with Empress Elisabeth of Austria; ⚭ Mathilde Klara Freiin Schwäger von Hohenbruck (b. 1856), three daughters: Elisabteh, Edith and Mathilde
  • Hedwig Emilie (1848–1928); ⚭ Ritter Rudolf von Oldenbourg (1845–1912)
  • Cäcilie "Cilla" Karoline Katharina (1852–1861), died suddenly of scarlet fever
• Karoline “Lina” (b. 20 January 1829 in Reading; d. 1911 in Munich), talented painter; ∞ 5 March 1855 historical painter August Hövemeyer (1824–1878). They had six children, among them painter Friedrich (1861−1931), albeit two died at birth.

Awards and honours

• Honorary doctorate (Dr. iur. h. c.) from the University of Jena in 1840
• Order of Saint Michael (Bavaria), Knight's Cross from King of Bavaria Ludwig I in July 1841
  • However, a short while later, the award of the order had to be withdrawn due to political pressure from the king's ministers in his cabinet and the Württemberg government, which the king only complied with reluctantly and with regret. Only after List's death was King Ludwig able to openly express his sympathy for Friedrich List by honoring him in No. 14 of the "Allgemeine Zeitung" with, among other things, the following words:

"Like Dr. Friedrich List's initial suggestion and dissemination of the beautiful idea of ​​a German customs union, which has now become a blessed reality; what he did for the no less important development of a national German trade policy with restless activity and rare intellectual means and what he achieved for this has never escaped the attention of His Majesty the King and has always received the deserved appreciation and recognition from the very same; which has at all times been particularly devoted to the well-being and honor of the German fatherland and to all efforts aimed at its promotion and will always remain devoted to it. Therefore, as soon as His Majesty has become aware of the situation of the surviving relatives of the deceased, the very same has decided to provide them with an annual support of 800 guilders, of which 400 guilders for the mother and 200 guilders for each of the two daughters until marriage or other provision, which must begin on January 1st of the year. No less, His Majesty was happy to grant permission for a collection of contributions to be organized in Bavaria to support these bereaved families and to be promoted by the formation of committees in the larger cities of the kingdom."

• King Wilhelm I of Württemberg restored the civil honor of the politically persecuted man in October 1841.
• After List's death, his survivors received an honorary gift.
• In 1889, his 100th birthday was celebrated.
• In 1989, the Deutsche Bundespost issued a stamp to mark List's 200th birthday.
• In Dresden and Leipzig he is primarily honored for his work in transport, which was reflected in the railway connection between the two cities. During the GDR era, the University of Transportation in Dresden was named after him in 1962, even though Friedrich List's work represented free-market and liberal views.
• The “Friedrich List” Faculty of Transport Sciences at the Technical University of Dresden, which emerged from the University of Transport, still bears his name.
• The graduates of the Faculty of Economics at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen are organized in the Friedrich List Foundation. As part of the annual List Festival, among other things, scientific lectures and the awarding of certificates to the graduates.
• To mark the 60th founding anniversary of the Reich Association of German Economists, the Friedrich List Medal was donated by its successor organization, the Federal Association of German Economists and Business Economists (bdvb).
• Several streets such as in Berlin-Johannisthal, Bielefeld, Bremen-Hemelingen, Erlangen, Gießen, Gotha, Leverkusen, Halberstadt, Munich-Sendling-Westpark, Augsburg, Oberhausen, Potsdam, Stralsund and Riesa were named after him – often near railway facilities.
• Several schools were also named after him.

Statues and monuments

• Monument in Kufstein (erected on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of his death)
• Bronze casting for Reutlingen, based on a design by Gustav Adolph Kietz (1854), executed by Georg Ferdinand Howaldt
• large marble monument in Kufstein/Tyrol, created in 1903 by Norbert Pfretzschner (1850–1927), a Kufstein sculptor with a studio in Berlin
• Friedrich List Monument in honor of Friedrich List as a pioneer of transport in front of the former “Friedrich List” University of Transport in Dresden, Friedrich-List-Platz at Dresden Central Station
• Memorial plaque to his last residence in Augsburg at the Vorderer Lech 15 property. Here he completed his major work The National System of Political Economy.
• Friedrich List statue in Leipzig Central Station, tribute with the inscription “Thinker of European Unity” and “Initiator of the Leipzig-Dresden Railway”.
• Friedrich List bust in the Nuremberg Transport Museum, honored as a champion of the German railway.

Fiction and film biography

Walter von Molo wrote the novel “A German without Germany” (1931) and the play “A German Prophet's Life in 3 Acts” (1934) about him. The novel was made into a film in 1943 as Der unendliche Weg ("The Infinite Path"), with Eugen Klöpfer playing the leading role.

See also

• Alexander Hamilton
• Abraham Lincoln
• Otto von Bismarck
• Protectionism

Further reading

• Schnitzer: Friedrich List, ein Vorlaufer und ein Opfer für das Vaterland, Stuttgart 1851
• Biography of List by Goldschmidt (Berlin 1878)
• Biography of List by Jentsch (Berlin 1901)
• Margaret E. Hirst: Life of Friedrich List London, London 1909
  • contains a bibliography and a reprint of List's Outlines of American Political Economy (1827) in addition to his Philadelphia Speech (1827) (to the Harrisburg Convention), Petition on Behalf of the Handelsverein to the Federal Assembly (1819) (in Germany), and the INTRODUCTION to The National System of Political Economy (1841) (which is not included in the English translation of The National System ..)
• Brügelmann, Hermann. (1956). Politische Ökonomie in kritischen Jahren. Die Friedrich List-Gesellschaft E.V., von 1925-1935., with an introduction by Edgar Salin, Tübingen: Mohr, Gr.-Oktav. XIX, 192 pp.
• William O. Henderson: Friedrich List – Economist and Visionary, Frank Cass, London 1983
• Borchardt, Knut and Hans Otto Schötz (eds.). (1991). Wirtschaftspolitik in der Krise. Die (Geheim-)Konferenz der Friedrich List-Gesellschaft im Sept.1931 über Möglichkeiten und Folgen einer Kreditausweitung, Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft
• Gwydion M. Williams: TRUTH OVERLOOKED – THE LEGACY OF LIST
• Online extracts of, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (2002) by the economist Ha-Joon Chang of the University of Cambridge. It was named after the phrase Kicks Away the Ladder used by List
• Eckard Bolsinger: The Foundation of Mercantile Realism – Friedrich List and International Political Economy, Hamburg 2004
• Patrick J. Buchanan: Day of Reckoning – How Hubris, Ideology, and Greed Are Tearing America Apart, St. Martin's Press, New York 2007), pp. 197–98
• Selwyn, B. (2009) An Historical Materialist Appraisal of Friedrich List and his Modern Day Followers', New Political Economy 14 (2), 157-180.

External links

• Friedrich List, Internet Archive
• Family life: Friedrich List's wife and children

Encyclopedias

• Encyclopedia Britannica: Friedrich List
• Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 Edition: Friedrich List
• Encyclopedia.com: Friedrich List
• Encyclopedia.com: List, Georg Friedrich