Friedrich Hüffmeier

Friedrich Hüffmeier
A significantly emaciated Vice Admiral Hüffmeier as a British POW at Island Farm (Special Camp 11); At 46 years of age, Hüffmeier was young for a vice admiral. He was considered intelligent, energetic and conscientious, although he was not a gifted sailor, as certain shortcomings as commandant of the Scharnhorst showed.
Birth name	Friedrich Karl Gustav Hüffmeier
Birth date	14 June 1898(1898-06-14)
Place of birth	Kunersdorf near Wriezen, Province of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Death date	13 January 1972 (aged 73)
Place of death	Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany
Allegiance	German Empire Weimar Republic National Socialist Germany
Service/branch	Kaiserliche Marine Freikorps Reichsmarine Kriegsmarine
Years of service	1914–1945
Rank	Vice Admiral
Commands held	German cruiser Köln German battleship Scharnhorst Wehrmachtbefehlshaber of the Channel Islands
Battles/wars	World War I World War II Operation Zitronella Granville raid
Awards	Iron Cross War Merit Cross (1939)
Relations	∞ Käthe Bachmann
Other work	Insurance agent (Victoria Versicherungsgesellschaft) Politician

Friedrich Karl Gustav Hüffmeier (14 June 1898 – 13 January 1972) was a German naval officer, finally Vice Admiral of the Kriegsmarine in WWII. After his imprisonment, he became active in the "German Party" (DP), for which he stood as a candidate in the 1957 federal election on the North Rhine-Westphalia state list, coming 24th.

Life

Hüffmeier attended the elementary Volksschule in Cunersdorf (later written Kunersdorf) from 1904 to 1908 and then transferred to the Gymnasium in Guben. On 16 September 1914, 16-year-pld Friedrich joined the Imperial German Navy and received his first basic and sailor training with the Marine-Division and on board the school cruiser SMS "Freya" and later on board the pre-dreadnought battleship SMS "Lothringen". At the same time, he was able to continue his school studies and achieved his war-time Abitur (Kriegsabitur) on 1 May 1915. At the end of May 1916, shortly before his 18th birthday, he passed the sea officer examination at the naval school in Flensburg-Murwik.

After further training courses, he served on board the small cruiser SMS "Augsburg". On 18 March 1918, after having applied, he was transferred to U-Boat training and then served on SM U 19 as third watch officer (III. W.O.) from August to October 1918 under 1st Lieutenant at Sea Hans Albrecht Liebeskind. However, the boat probably did not take part in any further combat operations. Until 4 December 1918, he was placed at disposal of the III. U-Boat Flotilla.

Between wars

After the war, he fought with the Marine-Brigade Ehrhardt within the framework of the Upper Silesian Grenzschutz and with the Reichswehr-Schützen-Regiment 64 between 21 January and 5 November 1919. He then served with the Coastal Defense Regiment (Küstenwehrregiment) Kiel. He also studied two semesters of national economics (Nationalökonomie) at the University of Kiel during this time.

He then served in several positions of the Reichsmarine and attended the (due to the Treaty of Versailles) camouflaged Naval Academy (Führergehilfenlehrgang der Marine) for general staff studies from 1 October 1929 to 31 March 1931. From 1 April 1931 to 20 March 1936, he served with as a "Dezernent" (administrative officer) with the Naval Defense Department in the Reich War Ministry. From 21 March 1936 to 20 May 1938, he served as First Officer (I.O.) of the light cruiser "Köln". From May 1938, he was Referent (consultant / specialist) in the Naval Household Department (Marinehaushaltsabteilung) of the OKM under Captain at Sea Walter Georg Lohmann. From 2 November 1938 to to August 1939, he himself was head of the department.

WWII

Shortly before the beginning of WWII, on 26 August 1939, he was placed at disposal of Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy Erich Raeder as Naval Liaison Officer to the Army General Staff. On 13 September 1939, he was appointed Chief of the Construction Department in the U-boat Office of the Sea Warfare Direction (Skl) with the Naval High Command (OKM).

On 29 May 1941, he was appointed commandant of the light cruiser "Köln" he knew so well. From spring 1942 to October 1943, he was commandant of the German battleship Scharnhorst. On 14 October 1943, he gave over command and was transferred to the Naval-Command-Office or OKM and was appointed department chief under Generaladmiral Walter Wilhelm Julius Warzecha.

• 18 October 1943 Department chief of the Military Spirit Command Staff of the OKM (Amtschef Wehrgeistiger Führungsstab im OKM)
  • Hüffmeier was delegated with initiating the staff. It was renamed National Socialist Command Staff (NS Führungsstab) in 1944, which is why the British listed him in their files as a "convinced National Socialist", even though he was not a member of the NSDAP and always rejected and actively opposed party influence or even surveillance within the military.
• 22 June 1944 Commanded to the Naval Group Command West (Marinegruppenkommando West) in France
  • He was wounded on 28 June 1944 during a convoy battle off Jersey (presumably on transport to the Channel Islands, where he was to take up his new position). He spent c. 10 days in the military hospital of St. Helier (Saint-Hélier is the capital of Jersey). Then there was probably an induction phase.
• 25 July 1944 Appointed Sea Commandant Channel Islands (Seekommandant Kanalinseln) as successor to Kapitän zur See Julius Steinbach
  • The renaming of the Sea Commandant to Sea Commander took place in mid-August 1944, along with the subordination of several floating units and the establishment of the position of 1st Command Staff Officer.
  • From October 1944, the Sea Commander Channel Islands was also Chief of Staff to the Wehrmacht Commander Channel Islands, Lieutenant General Rudolf Graf von Schmettow
• 28 February (12 noon) with effect from 1 March 1945 Appointed Wehrmacht Commander Channel Islands (Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber Kanalinseln) and Fortress-Commandant Guernsey

Forces subordinate to the Sea Commandant

• Port Commandant Guernsey (Saint Peter Port)
  • Port Captain Saint Peter Port
  • Port Protection Flotilla Channel Islands, directly subordinate to the Sea Commandant in March 1945
• Port Commandant Jersey (Saint Helier)
  • Port Captain Saint Helier
• Port Commandant Alderney (Saint Anne)
  • Port Captain Saint Anne
• Naval Artillery Battalion 604 (Guernsey), transferred from the Netherlands in October 1941 to the Naval Artillery Commander Normandy, later Sea Commandant Normandy, from July 1942 to the Sea Commandant Channel Coast
• Naval Artillery Battalion 605 (Alderney), established for the Sea Commandant Channel Coast

Forces subordinate to the Sea Commandant from August 1944:

• 2nd Outpost Flotilla (Saint Helier), from the 3rd Security Division
  • From June 1944, they were assigned to the Naval Commander, Channel Islands. In December 1944, they were divided into an independent artillery carrier group, with the remainder of the vehicles being transferred to the 46th Minesweeping Flotilla.

24th Minesweeping Flotilla (Saint Helier), from the 3rd Security Division. 46th Minesweeping Flotilla (Saint Peter Port), from the 3rd Security Division.

Forces added in the final phase:

• Field Command, Channel Islands (Saint Helier), previously subordinate to the Wehrmacht Commander.
• Naval Staff Department, Channel Islands, established in March 1945.

Granville raid

German minesweeper M 412 left behind in Granville, 9 March 1945

During the Second World War, Granville, Manche, France was the site of a prisoner of war camp. In December 1944, four German Fallschirmjäger and a naval cadet escaped from the camp and captured a US Navy LCVP, in which they made their way to the German occupied Channel Islands. There they relayed substantial intelligence on the Allies' disposition in the Granville area, including the fact that several ships were in the harbour discharging coal, which was in short supply in the Channel Islands, and the location of US troops. (The former German POWs were killed on 25 December, while returning to Germany in a transport plane that was shot down by an Allied night fighter near Bastogne. Also killed in the transport was Korvettenkapitän Fritz Breithaupt, a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and commander of the Minensuchflottille 24 [Mine Sweeping Flotilla 24].)

On the islands, the German POWs who had escaped from Granville were treated as heroes. Signals were exchanged with Berlin and a Heinkel He 111 made the hazardous flight across Allied-controlled Europe to collect them for a triumphant parade in the German capital. In a fast turnaround, it landed at 12.40 a.m. on 25 December and took off for the return flight at 3.42 a.m. On board were Fregatten Kapitän Breithaupt, Oberleutnant zur See Pauli, a wounded naval rating and the escaped POWs, Fänrich Leker and three of the four paratroops. However, their aircraft was picked up by a USAAF night-fighter and shot down near Bastogne – probably the result of Ultra decryption of signals traffic from the islands to Berlin. All on board were killed and are buried at the Kreigsgräbersttätte at Recogne-Bastogne, Belgium. When, on 5 January, news of the interception reached the islands, Hüffmeier announced the death of Breithaupt, an officer ‘whom the enemy never managed to touch in all his time at sea’. Flags were ordered to be flown at half mast on the islands.

Vice Admiral Hüffmeier directed a daring and highly successful raid on the French port of Granville on the night of 8 to 9 March 1945. It is believed that Hüffmeier and Lieutenant General Rudolf Graf von Schmettow forged the original plan using the intelligence to plan a raid against the Allies to restore morale to the garrison and obtain needed supplies for the starving German soldiers. Lieutenant Captain (Kapitänleutnant) Armin Zimmermann, commander of the 46th Minesweeping Flotilla (Guernsey), played a key role in planning the surprise attack on Granville. In December 1944, Hüffmeier put his proposals for a raid on Granville in a private letter to Admiral Theodor Krancke, commander-in-chief of Navy Group Command West. Krancke decided that the enterprise had a good chance of success and gave it the go-ahead.

In January 1945, on the Channel Islands, selected volunteers were given special training. Among them, Paul Sommerfeld, a soldier in Infantry Regiment 584, recalled that the men selected had combat experience. Training was undertaken away from public view and the men were accommodated at Le Chalet Hotel in Fermain Lane, Guernsey. Allied signals intercepts had picked up that 400 hand-selected men were being given commando training, but when this intelligence reached London it was not taken seriously. On the night of 6 to 7 February 1945, a first attempt was aborted, due to a combination of bad weather and the detection of an escorting Schnellboot ("E-boat"), by US Navy submarine chaser USS PC-552.

It was on the night of 8/9 March 1945, only two months before the Wehrmacht’s unconditional surrender, that an amphibious raiding force, led by 41-year-old Kapitänleutnant Carl-Friedrich Mohr (1907–1984), set sail from the Channel Islands. Their objective was the port of Granville in now Allied-controlled France, and their aim was to take the war to the enemy, bring back supplies and liberate POWs. Bar local counter-attacks in mainland Europe, the raid is probably one of the last significant offensive operations undertaken by German forces in the Second World War.

The force included four large M-class minesweepers (M-412, M-432, M-442, M-459), three naval ferry barges armed with 8.8 cm guns, three small harbor patrol boats (FK 01, FK 04, FK 56), two small Type R minesweepers, and a sea tug. The only Schnellboot that allegedly took part in the Granville Raid was S 113, although other sources state S 112. Possibly the S-Boot was only deployed in the February attempt. A total of approximately 600 army and naval personnel were on board, including 150 men assigned to the raiding party for Granville. The attack occurred at night and lasted about an hour. Outside the harbor, the German ships attacked an American submarine, killing 14 US Navy personnel. In the harbor of Granville, the attackers destroyed installations such as loading cranes and sank ships. They were assisted by 55 German prisoners of war who were working in the harbor at the time of the attack. In the town, the German attackers entered a hotel where nine US officers were staying. Two US Marines who resisted the Germans were killed. An officer and five Royal Navy soldiers were also killed. According to some sources, the Germans took 30 Allied soldiers prisoner to the Channel Islands.

U.S. Submarine chaser PC-564 commanded by Lieutenant Percy Sandell, USNR, engages German minesweepers M 412, M 432, M 442 and M 452 and nine smaller craft off Chaussey. The Germans are bound for the port of Granville, France. U.S. Submarine chaser PC-564, outgunned and badly damaged, manages to outrun the German force engaged late on 8 March and is grounded on the French coast at Pierre de Herpin light (15 men had prematurely abandoned ship of which 14 were captured by the German raiding force). French fishing boats arrive to help the wounded, and the next day, PC-564 is towed into St. Malo harbor. Shortly after PC-564 is knocked out of action, German raiding party attacks Granville, demolishing installations, releasing German POWs held there and sinking small British freighters Kyle Castle, Nephrite, and Parkwood, and Norwegian merchantman Heien. The Germans seize collier Eskwood and tow her to Jersey, in the Channel Islands. German minesweeper M 412 runs aground and is blown up when it is realized that extricating her from her predicament is impossible in the time allowed.

When the Germans retreated, the tide was so low that only a captured coal freighter could be brought to the Channel Islands. The German prisoners of war found in the harbor were also taken. A German minesweeper (M-412) ran aground in Granville Harbor at low tide and was blown up. The attack resulted in the deaths of 22 Allied and six German soldiers. Kapitänleutnant Carl-Friedrich Mohr was awarded the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 March 1945 for this action. Oberleutnant zur See der Reserve Otto Karl, commander of artillery lighter AF 65, also received the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross on 21 March 1945 for his role in the raid. The Quartermaster of the Channel Islands, Korvettenkapitän (MA) Rudolf Reich, who had to manage the shortage and constantly improvise, received the German Cross in Silver in May 1945.

In order to secure his own supplies and boost the severely damaged morale, the commander, Vice Admiral Friedrich Hüffmeier, decided in this almost hopeless situation to attack the Allied supply port of Granville. The planning and execution of this extremely risky operation was entrusted to experienced front-line officers. Armin Zimmermann, as 1st Command Staff Officer (awarded the German Cross in Gold on March 4, 1942, as commander of a minesweeper), played a key role in the planning. He would rise to the rank of Admiral and Inspector General of the Bundeswehr in the 1970s. The main attack on the port would be led by Lieutenant Commander Carl-Friedrich Mohr. He, too, had been awarded the German Cross in Gold on August 18, 1942, as commander of a minesweeper. The diversionary maneuver would be led by Lieutenant Commander (Oberleutnant zur See d. R.) Otto Karl, who had been awarded the German Cross in Gold on July 2, 1944, as commander of AF 65. The attack plan called for the small force to set sail together from St. Hélier. The formation was to split up off Coutainville at around 10 p.m. Group II, under Oberleutnant zur See d. R. Otto Karl, was tasked with advancing west of the Chausey Islands with the artillery ferries to fake an attack on St. Malo. The actual attack on Granville envisaged three attack units. Group III, with three small harbor patrol boats, was to drop commandos near the casino on the northern side. Group I was to circumnavigate the peninsula. While two minesweepers were to provide fire support from the southwest, M 412, with another minesweeper and a tug, advanced against the harbor. On March 8, 1945, the formation set sail as planned shortly before 9 p.m. At 9:58 p.m., the boats were detected by the Coutainville radar station, 20 nautical miles from Granville. Shortly thereafter, the groups separated in a sea area characterized by dangerous rocks. In the channel between the Minquiers and Chausey Islands, Lieutenant Otto Karl and his three artillery carriers headed southwest. About 15 nautical miles west of Granville, Karl encountered the US patrol boat PC 564, which had already been informed of the presence of German ships. At 12:15 a.m., both sides opened fire almost simultaneously. The first salvo hit a shell in the wheelhouse of PC 564, resulting in significant casualties. Another shell hit the 4 cm gun. In addition, a malfunction knocked out the 7.6 cm gun on the patrol boat. After the German 2 cm anti-aircraft gun had also disabled the crews of the Oerlikon anti-aircraft gun, the Germans ceased firing on their now defenseless enemy. Karl had the area searched for other ships and later shelled the Chausey Islands lighthouse. PC 564 later reached the coast heavily damaged and ran aground there.

In the meantime, Kampfgruppen I and III had reached Granville. Five ships were moored in the flood harbor, four of which were scheduled to leave during the night due to the water level. They were loaded by French dockworkers and approximately 60 German prisoners of war. Although the location of the German ships was known, no measures had been taken on land. The idea that the Germans would attack here seemed too utopian to those in charge. While two minesweepers took up firing positions southwest of Granville, Lieutenant Commander Mohr headed into the harbor with two boats and a tug. Only shortly before reaching the pier did the shore recognize the nighttime visitors. However, just before reaching the pier, M 412 ran aground. The second minesweeper, however, was able to dock and disembark the landing parties. The assault troops from M 412 crossed with the help of the dinghies. Following the previously determined objectives, the soldiers completed their tasks: occupying the harbor exits and blowing up the cranes used to load the ships. A coastal craft was also blown up. Under fire from the naval artillery of the security group and the advancing landing troops, the US soldiers ceased their resistance and withdrew. The liberated prisoners of war were very familiar with the harbor, so all key locations could be occupied quickly. Since the Eskwood was carrying 112 tons of coal and was already seaworthy, this steamer was chosen as a prize. Important key documents were also found on board. The other ships in the harbor were to be sunk by explosive charges or artillery. After about 90 minutes, the Germans left the harbor at around 3 a.m. Despite all efforts, M 412 could not be freed, so the ship had to be destroyed by explosives and depth charges. Group III's attack was also successful. Lieutenant Lampferhoff's three harbor patrol boats dropped off Captain Schellenberg's infantrymen as planned. The disembarked soldiers captured several prisoners in the casino and neighboring hotels. Apart from a few minor firefights, there was no significant resistance, so the assault group returned without losses. Nine prisoners – including a colonel – were taken back to St. Hélier. When US tanks rolled in around 4:00 a.m., Granville had long since become quiet. Only the burning minesweeper was still causing explosions. German losses in this operation amounted to six killed and 30 wounded. Approximately 60 prisoners of war were freed. Although the situation of the German soldiers on the Channel Islands did not significantly improve, the operation visibly boosted morale. Those involved received special rations as a reward.

There would be one more raid from the Channel Islands, on 5 April 1945, when an eighteen-man German sabotage squad sailed from Jersey via Alderney in the vessel M 4613. The M 4613 was a drifter that had been modified as a minesweeper and consequently could have been mistaken by the Allies for a French fishing boat.

Syrup for the victors

In the evening hours of March 8th, he set sail from Jersey for what was probably the strangest armada ever to go on enemy duty under the German flag: three so-called naval ferry barges equipped with 8.8 cm artillery and two former fishing trawlers converted into outpost boats, which were intended to engage any enemy warships that might appear and divert the attack on Granville (the artillery carriers later came across the American patrol boat PC 564 and shot it to pieces); - four coal-fired Type 40 minesweepers (M 412, M 432, M 442, M 452), which were to drop commando parties into the port of Granville and then provide them with covering fire; - a sea tug, which was to take prizes on its hook in Granville and tow them into open waters, as well as the three small harbor patrol boats FK 01, FK 04, and FK 56, which were also carrying commando parties. They were to land on the beach outside Granville harbor and take prisoners in the town's hotels, where the Germans suspected Allied staff officers were staying. The operation went like a dream. At around 1:20 a.m. on March 9, the first minesweeper docked at the Granville piers and landed the commando parties. Apart from a few lightly armed American soldiers, they encountered no enemies. Supported by 55 German prisoners of war who were unloading a supply ship in the harbor, the invaders blew up loading cranes, sank a pilot steamer and a tugboat, disabled the engines of several small freighters, and captured the British freighter "Ekswood," loaded with 112 tons of coal. The "Ekswood" crew demonstrated a great sense of fair play. Granville conqueror Hüffmeier noted: "The English crew, including the captain"—who had just come from a bar—"was so surprised and subsequently so impressed by the sporting performance that they willingly participated."

Meanwhile, the invaders dropped onto Granville beach by harbor patrol boats achieved similar surprise effects. This was the case at the "Hotel des Bains," the quarters of several American staff officers: While the hotel porter disappeared into the corner for cover, the Germans stormed the stairs to the first floor and entered the rooms. Mordal: "Before the American officers knew what was happening, they were standing on the beach, wearing only what they had worn to bed." An hour and a half after the landing, at around 3:30 a.m., the Germans disappeared from the port city with the coal ship, 30 captured British and Americans, and 55 liberated Germans—half an hour before the alerted American reinforcements arrived. Only one loss was suffered: the minesweeper M 412 had to be blown up because it ran aground in the mud of Granville harbor and could not be refloated. Island Commander Hüffmeier spoke about the morale impact of the coup: "The soldiers ... who participated in the operation brought new courage and a fresh spirit to their units, some of which had become discouraged by their enforced inactivity and poor nutrition." Iron Crosses, cigarettes, and a glass of syrup per person were distributed to those participating in the raid. A second raid on Granville, planned by Hüffmeier, never materialized. On the appointed day, May 7, the surrender of the German armed forces was signed in Reims. And on May 9, the British destroyer "Beagle" docked in St. Helier, Jersey: the hungry Channel Island occupiers became boarders of the Allies.

POW

• 9 May 1945: Prisoner of war in British captivity
  • Commanded by Brigadier A. E. Snow OBE, Force 135 conducted Operation “Nest Egg,” the peaceful and unopposed liberation of the Channel Channels, after negotiating the surrender of the 25,500-man German garrison on 9 May 1945. Three days later, Hüffmeier surrendered personally to Brigadier Snow on Guernsey but informed the Brigadier he had destroyed his sword, which was German tradition. Hüffmeier and Generalmajor Rudolf Wulf, commander of the 319th Infantry Division (the primary Channels Islands garrison force), were transported by ship to Plymouth to begin their three-year stints as prisoners of war.
• 11 January 1946 Transferred to Island Farm Special Camp 11 from Camp 1
• 7 October 1947 Transferred via Camp 43 to CIC Adelheide (Civil Internment Camp)
• 2 April 1948 Released from internment

Family

Three sons of Vice Admiral Friedrich Hüffmeier

In 1933, Lieutenant Captain Friedrich Hüffmeier married his fiancée Julie Walburgis Katharina "Käthe" Bachmann (1911–1985). They would have four children:

• Hans Heinrich (1934–2011), doctorate in agricultural science
• Friedrich "Fritz" (1935–2017), classical philologist, senior head of studies (Oberstudiendirektor), head of the Westerstede Gymnasium and expert in ancient Greek
  • author of Phronesis in den Schriften des Corpus Hippocraticum ( 1961), Erste Lektüre im Griechischunterricht (1970), among other writings
• Dorothee (b. 1936); married von Hagen
• Walther (1939–2014), pastor

Promotions

Vice Admiral (Ret.) Friedrich Hüffmeier (left), a former captain of the German battlecruiser Scharnhorst, presents a picture to active Rear Admiral Sir Morgan Charles Morgan-Giles (1914–2013), a former captain of the cruiser HMS Belfast (1961–62), which was involved in the sinking of the Scharnhorst during World War II, at a ceremony on the River Thames, 21 October 1971.

• 16 September 1914 War Volunteer and Seekadett (Officer Candidate)
• 1 May 1915 Fähnrich zur See (Officer Cadet) without Patent (ernannt)
• 12 October 1916 Leutnant zur See (2nd Lieutenant) without Patent (ernannt)
• 28 September 1920 Oberleutnant zur See (1st Lieutenant) without Patent (ernannt)
  • 14 May 1921 Patent received from 28 September 1920
• 1 April 1927 Kapitänleutnant (Lieutenant Captain)
• 1 July 1934 Korvettenkapitän (Corvette Captain / Lieutenant Commander)

Kriegsmarine

• 1 October 1937 Fregattenkapitän (Frigate Captain / Commander)
• 1 October 1939 Kapitän zur See (Captain at Sea)
• 1 October 1943 Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral) with effect and Rank Seniority (RDA) from 1 February 1943
• 30 January 1945 Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral) with effect and RDA from 1 January 1945

Awards and decorations

• Iron Cross (1914), 2nd Class
• Silesian Eagle Order (Schlesischer Adler-Orden), II. and I. Grade
• Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 with Swords
• Wehrmacht Long Service Award (Wehrmacht-Dienstauszeichnung), 4th to 1st Class
  • 2nd Class on 2 October 1936
  • 1st Class in 1939

WWII

• Repetition Clasp 1939 to the Iron Cross 1914, 2nd Class
  • for the conquest of the island of Dagö during Operation Siegfried in October 1941
• Iron Cross (1939), 1st Class as commandant of the Scharnhorst
  • for the Operation of the Kriegsmarine against Allied installations on the island of Spitsbergen during Operation Sicily in September 1943
• Spanish Cross (Spanienkreuz) in Silver without Swords on 6 June 1939
• War Merit Cross (1939), 2nd and 1st Class with Swords
• High Seas Fleet War Badge (Flotten-Kriegsabzeichen) in September 1943
• Wound Badge (1939) in Black in July 1944

Writings (excerpt)

• Granville, in: "Wehrwissenschaftliche Rundschau", 1952

Sources

• Federal Archives of Germany (Bundesarchiv) BArch PERS 6/2412

Further reading

• Dwight R. Messimer: Last Gasp at Granville: The Daring German Attack on Allied-Occupied France, 2021

External links

• Vizeadmiral Friedrich Hüffmeier (career)
• Vizeadmiral Friedrich Hüffmeier (British POW)