34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland

34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Brigade Landstorm Nederland
34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Brigade Landstorm Nederland
	; Wolfsangel rune, ; insignia of the 34th Volunteer Grenadier Division
Active	12 March 1943 – 5 May 1945
Allegiance	National Socialist Germany
Branch	Waffen-SS
Type	Infantry
Size	Division
Engagements	World War II
Commanders
Notable; commanders	Martin Kohlroser

The 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland (German: 34. SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division „Landstorm Nederland“) was a Waffen SS Division during World War II. It was formed by the converting the SS Volunteer Grenadier-Brigade Landstorm Nederland into a division. It comprised volunteers of Dutch background and saw action on the Western Front, but its strength never reached more than a brigade.

Names

Poster

Volunteers of the Grenadier-Regiment 1 Landwacht Nederland

12.3.1943: Grenadier-Regiment 1 Landwacht Nederland
16.10.1943: SS-Grenadier-Regiment Landstorm Nederland
1.11.1944: SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Brigade Landstorm Nederland
10.2.1945: 34. SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Division Landstorm Nederland (preparations under Martin Kohlroser had already began in December 1944^[1])

Concept and Formation

After the successful formation of a Dutch regiment (from the SS Volunteer Legion “Netherlands”) in 1942, it was decided that a second Dutch SS formation should be raised. The recruits were drawn mostly from the Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (NSB; the Dutch National Socialist Party). The NSB leader, Anton Mussert encouraged his followers to join the new formation.

In 1940, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, the Reichskommissar for the Netherlands, had approved the creation of an NSB paramilitary police formation named Landwacht Niederlande. The Landwacht served as an auxiliary police force and was involved in the rounding up of Jews, Communists and other groups deemed undesirable by the Seyss-Inquart and the NSB.

On 12 March 1943, the Waffen SS ordered the formation of a Dutch volunteer regiment, the SS-Grenadier Regiment 1 Landwacht Niederlande. Unlike the Nederland brigade, the Landwacht Niederlande was to be a territorial defence unit, and so recruits did not have to fear service on the Eastern Front. Recruits for the Landwacht Niederlande flowed in. Service in the regiment meant a job, money, food and a chance to fight the hated Bolshevists in the east. Added to this, the regiment was not officially a part of the SS, and so the SS runes were not present on the volunteers uniforms, with the traditional grenade of Landwacht units being worn in its place.

While many recruits were drawn from the paramilitary formation of the same name, a recruitment drive resulted in 130 Dutch veterans from the 5. SS-Panzergrenadier-Division Wiking and 11. SS-Freiwilligen-Panzergrenadier-Division Nordland transferring to the new formation. While these veterans provided the cadre of NCOs for the new formation, the formation was provisionally officered by German SS men, later Dutchman were promoted up to company commander (SS-Hauptsturmführer).

On 16 October 1943, the regiment's title was changed to SS-Grenadier-Regiment 1 Landstorm Nederland. By this time the regiment numbered 2,400 men and was still growing. Mussert was pleased, and together with the Nederland Brigade, he saw the Dutch SS as the forerunners of a new Dutch army. However, Hanns Albin Rauter, head of the SS and Police for the Netherlands planned to firmly bring the NSB under SS control, and the Nederland and Landstorm formations were steps in this direction.

Battles in Belgium and the Netherlands – Market Garden

After the Allied breakout from Normandy, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's 21st Army Group began its advance along the Channel Coast towards Germany. In early September 1944, two battalions of the Landstorm were rushed to the front in Belgium. The formation was tasked with defending the Albert Canal around the areas of Merksem and Hasselt. Poorly armed and with minimal combat experience, the two battalions fared poorly during a battle with the Free-Dutch Koninklijke Nederlandse Brigade "Prinses Irene" and was soon forced to withdraw.

On 17 September, Montgomery launched Operation Market Garden (de) an airborne offensive aimed at securing a crossing over the Rhine at Arnhem, in the central-eastern part of the Netherlands. The Landstorm's III. Battalion was completing its training near Hoogeveen. The partially trained and equipped formation was attached to the 9.SS-Panzer-Division Hohenstaufen and sent into combat against the British 1st Airborne Division in Arnhem. Having little faith in the Dutch volunteers' combat ability, the Hohenstaufen's commander held them back from action for as long as possible.

On 21 September, the III./Landstorm was committed to action near the town of Elst on the Arnhem-Nijmegen highway (in the Eastern part of the Betuwe, then known as men's island or "Manneneiland" due to it being enclosed by large rivers and all civilians having been evacuated). After holding the town for several days, the Landstorm was finally pushed back by the British 43rd (Wessex) Division. The battalion was pulled out of the line on 25 September.

Brigade - Division - Final Battles

On 1 November, the Landstorm was redesignated SS Volunteer Grenadier Brigade Landstorm Nederland.. The existing three battalions were to form the 83. SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Regiment, and the SS-Wachbataillon Nordwest to form the 84.SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Regiment. Many of the new recruits were members of the Jeugdstorm, the NSB's youth organisation. After a brief period of refitting, the Landstorm was ordered to take up defensive positions near the Waal and Rhine rivers.

On 10 February 1945, the Landstorm again had its status raised. It was now to be designated 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland.. Despite this fact, the unit could hardly muster the strength of a weak brigade. The Division was almost immediately ordered to relieve Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 7, at that time defending the Rhine, in the area between Betuwe and Rhenen. Much of the area had been flooded to assist the overstretched German forces in their defence.

Facing the division was the Koninklijke Nederlandse Brigade "Prinses Irene", the British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division and several Canadian formations. The morale of the Division suffered when facing the Princess Irene, as the men were hesitant to fight their own countrymen, and several members had relatives serving with the Princess Irene.

Despite this, the division fought well, capturing a British strong point near Zetten. However, under sustained combat, morale continued to drop and desertions increased. A plot to assassinate several officers and surrender leaked, and the responsible men were court martialed and shot. As the war drew to a close, attacks on the civilian population by the division increased, and the men of the 84th SS Volunteer Grenadier Regiment in particular were involved in several atrocities. Forced back to the area near Oosterbeek, the remnants of the division surrendered on 5 May 1945.

A small unit of fanatics held out in the village of Veenendaal, engaging in combat with the Dutch partisans until surrendering on 9 May (with effect from 10 May) to the 49th (West Riding) Division.

As "collaborators", the majority of the surviving volunteers were imprisoned, and several were murdered in acts of revenge.

Commanders

Albert Doerheit

SS-Oberführer Viktor Knapp (1 March 1943 to December); Knapp became ill in December 1943 and had to be hospitalized.
- Knapp (b. 10 January 1897 in Reutlingen; d. 9 May 1945 in Seeboden-Kraut; NSDAP-Nr.: 20 815; SS-Nr.: 31 411) was a veteran of WWI where he was awarded both classes of the Iron Cross. On 20 April 1942, he was promoted to SS-Oberführer. Among other things he was awarded the Golden Party Badge, both classes of the War Merit Cross (1939) with swords as well as the Wound Badge (1939) in black and silver. It is not known, if he was murdered, died of wounds in a military hospital or committed suicide. He rests in the German war cemetery in St. Veit/Glan; Final grave location: Row 12, Grave 688.
SS-Sturmbannführer der Reserve Bruno Schulz, stand-in for Knapp (19 May 1943 to June 1943)
- Schulz (b. 19 August 1897 in Wesermünde) was commander of the I. Bataillon from 5 April 1943 to 21 February 1944. Schulz was a member of the Allgemeine SS and was promoted to SS-Hauptsturmführer in 1934, SS-Sturmbannführer in 1936 (SS-Hauptamt) and SS-Obersturmbannführer in 1938. On 30 January 1940 SS-Sturmführer of the Waffen-SS, 15 April 1941 SS-Obersturmführer of the Waffen-SS, 10 July 1941 SS-Hauptsturmführer of the Waffen-SS (SS-Kampfgruppe Nord), 20 April 1942 SS-Sturmbannführer of the Waffen-SS and 9 November 1943 SS-Obersturmbannführer of the Waffen-SS.^[2]
SS-Obersturmbannführer Hermann Delfs (December 1943 to 11 March 1944)
- Delfs (17 February 1905) commanded the III. Bataillon from 15 July 1943 to End of July 1944.
SS-Obersturmbannführer Albert Dörheit (11 March 1944 to 27 May 1944)
- Dörheit (b. 20 September 1894 in Klötze; SS-Nr.: 44 483) commanded commanded the I. Bataillon from 21 February 1944 to 11 March 1944. He had joined the Allgemeine SS (SS-Untersturmführer: 20.4.1935, SS-Obersturmführer: 1.6.1935, SS-Hauptsturmführer: 1.7.1935, SS-Sturmbannführer: 13.9.1936) and was taken over by the waffen-SS in 1940. He was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer der Reserve of the Waffen-SS in 1941 and finally to SS-Standartenführer der Reserve of the Waffen-SS at the Waffentechnischen Lehranstalt der SS in Dachau on 30 January 1945.^[3]
SS-Standartenführer Martin Kohlroser (27 May 1944 to 10 May 1945)

Orders of Battle