War of the Triple Alliance
| War of the Triple Alliance - Paraguayan War | |||||||
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 1 (up, left)- Batlle of Riachuelo, the greatest navy batlle in American Soil; 2 (up, right)- First Battle of Tuyuti, the greatest ground battle in Latin America; 3- The Passage of Curupayty; 4- Battle of Curupayty; 5- Battle of Ita Yvate; 6- Battle of Itororo; 7 and 8 - Fall of Asunción, capital city of Paraguay. | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
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The Triple Alliance
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Grand Marshall Francisco Solano López ⚔ (President of Paraguay and Commander of Paraguayan Armies)
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 Pedro II(Emperor of Brazil) 
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| Strength | |||||||
(250,000 - 300,000 Total) |
(265,000 - 380,000 Total) | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 250,000 - 300,000 soldiers and civilians | 120,000 - 150,000 Brazilian soldiers 30,000 - 50,000 Argentine soldiers 5,000 - 20.000 Uruguayan soldiers and others (Total: 155,000 - 220,000 soldiers) | ||||||
The War of the Triple Alliance Against Paraguay, commonly known as the War of Paraguay and the Guerra Guazú (in guaraní language) was the greatest military conflict fought in Latin American soil of all times[1]. It was between the Triple Alliance formed by the Empire of Brazil, the Confederation of Argentina and the revolutionary Partido Colorado of Uruguay, versus the Nationalist Republic of Paraguay and the Partido Blanco of Uruguay[2].
The war started in October 12, 1864 with the invasion of the Brazilian Fleet and Army (and with open support of Argentina) to help the revolutionary Partido Colorado of Uruguay dethroning the Partido Blanco of Uruguay, and finished in March the 1st, 1870, with the killing of Grand Marshall Francisco Solano López and the complete anhilation of the Paraguayan Army. It was fought initially in uruguayan soil (until the capitulation of the Partido Blanco) and in paraguayan-brazilian disputed Matto Grosso, later moved to Argentina and from 1866 to the very end in Paraguay.[3]
Although the origins of the war are still controversial, it is well clear nowadays that the war was promoted by the Freemasonry (which was in the side of the Triple Alliance) and the allies were financed by the Rothschild Bank[4]. The Nationalist Paraguay held an heroic defense of their people and homeland, as well as their flourishing and self-sustainable economics but they were ultimately defeated against such enormous powers and led to an almost complete genocide of their European race descent (made mostly of basque, northern italian and catalanic origins)[5] [6].
Before the War (1857- 1864)
Uruguay
La Banda Oriental, as was known the Republic of Uruguay, was always ambitioned by both Brazil and Argentina. But the Republic of Uruguay fought for its independence since April the 19th, 1825 and they successfully, with the support of Britain, France and more distantly, Paraguay, remained free from the Argentine and Brazilian desires of anexation.
For the Republic of Paraguay, which was independent since 1811 and created a strong nationalist country, the independence of Uruguay was fundamental. Their self-sustainable economics was becoming highly profitable, the paraguayans started great commercial deals with Europe, specially thanks to their "yerba mate", fine woods, tobacco and above all, their highly priced cottom. Yet Argentina never accepted the independence of both Uruguay and Paraguay and continually blocked the thrive of both countries. That's why nationalists of Paraguay and Uruguay (the Blanco Party) developed strong relationships for trying to protect each other in the case of aggresion and intimidation [7].
Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil had around 3-5 million people in its territories, most of them were slaves. There were lots of internal struggles in the Brazilian Empire, specially the ones in Rio Grande do Sul, where some independent movements rose but were fought and defeated by imperial forces under the comand of the Duke of Caxias (then Marquis) and General Luis Osorio. Despite this, Brazil continued to enlarge its power over the "Plate Basin" and tried to seize control of the Río de la Plata, via proxy government or by direct conquest. José María da Silva Paranhos was behind the expansionist plan of the Brazilian Empire, while Pedro II , heir of the crown, was still a young man. But Silva Paranhos had a problem: Paraguay and Juan Manuel de Rosas [8].
The Argentina
Juan Manuel de Rosas, the Restorator as he's known, ruled the divided country from 1835 to 1852 and initially, he had anexionist ideas upon Paraguay and Uruguay (specially the latter, since the control of the Plate Basin was fundamental). But later, he withdrew his initial plans and begin a more friendly yet distant relationship with Paraguay. Although in Uruguay the things were different: many powers around the globe were disputing the control of the entrance of Río de la Plata. Brazil was open in its intentions. Several wars between Brazil and the Argentina of Rosas took place in those years until Rosas, betrayed by his own colleagues, was finally defeated in the Battle of Caseros and resigned. Rosas, at the beginning was a strong man but only later embraced nationalism and tried to protect his country from external and secret enemies, but he was ultimately surrendered and the control of Argentina fell in the hands of Freemasons, like Justo José de Urquiza , Santiago Derqui , Bartolomé Mitre and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento . The four mentioned names were crucial characters in the War of the Triple Alliance [9].
Paraguay
The Paraguayan Republic, independent since 1811, developed a strong nationalist government. In the hands of Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia they succesfully managed to keep themselves free from "hidden influences", as well as the Brazilian and Argentine interest of anexation. Later, argentine Rosas would leave those expansionist interests and would start defending his country and Uruguay against foreign intromision.
Dr. Francia created a strong identity on the paraguayans, who were mostly of white european descent (and with some indian tribes, protected by the government, living in the outskirts of the major cities) and taught them to be self-sufficient. According to several researches, Paraguay was the most educated country of South America, with 25.000 regular students in almost 450 public schools in the beginning of 1860. The famous scotch writer Thomas Carlyle said about the nationalist government of Paraguay, started by Francia:
"But undoubtedly by far the notablest of all these South American phenomena is Dr. Francia and his Nationalist Dictatorship in Paraguay; concerning whom, and which, we have now more particularly to speak..."[10]
After Francia, Carlos Antonio Lopez developed greatly his own country, building railroads, telegraphs, major harvests of yerba mate and cottom, starting a siderurgic industry (the first in Latin America) and constructing his own ships and vessels. In 1862 Francisco Solano López, his son, took the lead of the country and continued his predecesors job, buying machinery for manufacturing cottom and starting an own textile industry with the world known Paraguayan Cottom. This was very different in comparison with the neighboring countries, submerged in constant civil wars and external tensions[11] [12]
The Secret Protocol of 1857
In 1857, José María da Silva Paranhos for Brazil and Santiago Derqui for Argentina signed a Protocolo Secreto de Entendimiento in 1857 (which was confirmed in the first months of 1865 by Rufino de Elizalde for Argentina and again José María da Silva Paranhos for Brazil) in which both countries were already preparing a civil war against Uruguay and an open war with annexionist plans against Paraguay. This protocol was kept secret for long time, until an argentine researcher found the document in the early 2000. This is clear indication that the greatest war fought in Latin America ever was planned lots of years before the first event by Brazil and Argentina [13].
The Secret Meeting of Puntas del Rosario, June 1864
Once again, in the middle of the Uruguayan Civil War, major leaders of Brazil, Argentina and the Uruguayan "Colorados" arranged a meeting in the village of Puntas del Rosario, Uruguay, in June 1864. In this meeting, according to their participants, once again was agreed the complete destruction of Paraguay, after the dethroning of their allies, the Blanco Party of Uruguay in the ongoing Civil War at the "Banda Oriental". Both Antonio de Saraíva of Brazil and José Mármol of Argentina admitted that:
"... The Triple Alliance against Paraguay was formed in Puntas del Rosario, in the meetings of June, 1864 and not in May, 1865..." [14] [15].
Also, the french minister embassador for Uruguay, Martin Maillefer, claimed that the British Plenipotentiary Minister Edward Thornton had a key role for setting the arrangements in the meeting of Puntas del Rosario and later events. This was confirmed by a letter written by Thornton to the Foreign Office of Britain, which says:
"... I am devoted now to open a full war upon this nasty barbarian country Paraguay...[16].
Edward Thornton was also present in the signing of the infamous Secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance in May the 1st, 1865.
The Uruguayan Civil War, 1863 - 1865
This event, also known as the Cruzada Libertadora del 63, is the key point of the future War of the Triple Alliance. Future president of Uruguay, Venancio Flores invaded his country, Uruguay, in the Rincon de las Gallinas, with full support of the argentine president Bartolomé Mitre (who later claimed neutrality, despite was well known and documented his military support to Flores) and started a Civil War to overthrow the legal uruguayan government, led by the Blanco Pary of Atanasio Aguirre and Bernardo Berro. The oficial uruguayan government resisted gallantly against the aggresion by Venancio Flores, openly supported by Mitre with weapons, supply and soldiers, yet claiming "neutrality". The legal Uruguayan government remained silent until several threats and intimidatory notes from the Brazilian Empire started to arrive to the "Blancos". The Brazilians, according to the appointed minister Saraiva, were upset because of several "border issues" with some brazilian inhabitants of Uruguay, and they wanted satisfactions. The accusations proved to be false and the Blanco Government remained strong and denied the accusations. So, in August 4, 1864, Saraiva demanded to the Uruguayan Government:
"... A total satisfaction to the insults the brazilians suffered in the last 12 years or therefore, the military and navy forces of the Brazilian Empire would start a full retalliation..." [17].
The Blanco Government, with dignity, refused to accept such conditions and accusations without any real proof and asked for Paraguayan help.
Both General Bagueira Leal from Brazil and rear admiral of the argentine fleet Martin Guerrica, veterans of the war, admitted that the "Uruguayan Civil War was only the prelude for the destruction of Paraguay" [18] [19]
The Paraguayan Answer
Grand Marshall Francisco Solano López heard the request of help from their allies in Uruguay and asked for a peace meeting several times. Brazilian Government refused, as well as Argentina. He saw clearly that the Uruguayan Civil War was dangerous, not just for its allies but for his own country, as Paraguayan trade, which developed greatly in the last decades, was fully dependant on the uruguayan free ports and the replacement of the uruguayan allied government by an open enemy of Paraguay (Venancio Flores, proxy of Mitre and Brazil) was something to be feared of. That's why in August the 30th, 1864, he issued a protest note to the brazilian government which stated that:
"... An attack to the uruguayan government would be considered an open attempt to destroy the balance of the Plate Basin and therefore, casus belli for the Paraguayan Government..."[20]
Despite this (and other notes sent to Brazil in September the 14th, 1864, trying to stop an attack on Uruguay) the Brazilian Army led by José Luis Mena Barreto attacked Uruguay in October the 12th, 1864. The War has begun.
The War
First Encounters
As a first war action, Paraguayan Ship Tacuarí captures in November 11, 1864, the brazilian ship Marques de Olinda and yet, the paraguayan government waits for another month trying to calm the things but the Brazilian Government wasn't interested in appeasement nor withdrawing its troops from Uruguay. Therefore, in December 24, 1864, 5,000 men of the Paraguayan Army, supported by the Paraguayan Navy (which was, at that time, the third navy of the american continent, behind the US Navy and the Brazilian Fleet) began an attack in Northern Paraguay (which was ilegally occupied by Brazil) and later, an assault to the brazilian fortress of Coimbrá.
Campaign of Matto Grosso
3,500 infantry men under command of General Vicente Barrios and 1,500 cavalry men led by then colonel Francisco Resquin charged in the Northern Territories of Paraguay, occupied by Brazil, defeating the Imperial troops (around 2,000 men) and repelling them to Matto Grosso (which was under dispute by Paraguay and Brazil, but brazilians were there ilegally, since a treaty signed by both Brazil and Paraguay in 1855 prevented any occupation of that territory for 10 years).
Paraguayans defeated all the brazilian garrisons, which were perfectly armed, and conquered the forts of Coimbra, Corumbá, Miranda, Albuquerque, Nioaque and Coxim. The material captured by paraguayans in the Matto Grosso campaign supplied their army for the entire war[21]. The campaign finished with a full victory for the paraguayan army, losing 1,000 men. Under the weight of other critical fronts of war, the paraguayan garrisons, taken away from the brazilians, were left under the protection of 500 men led by Major Martin Urbieta.
The Empire of Brazil ordered a counter-attack in january of 1867, which was led by Colonel Carlos de Morais Camisão and the Vice Count of Taunay. 5,000 men crossed the entire Brazilian Jungles trying to surprise attack the paraguayan troops. Major Urbieta was already waiting them and in a huge partisan-like warfare defeated them. The Brazilians retreated to the north of Coxim with only 700 men (this episode is known as A Retirada da Lagoa). Paraguay lost 200 men.
For the whole campaign, which was victorious for Paraguay, Brazil lost around 5,000 men. Paraguay lost 1,500 and captured an enourmous arsenal.
Campaign of Corrientes
Despite the victory in Matto Grosso, terrible news arrived at Asunción: the Blanco Government, after a fierce resistence, notably in the Siege of Paysandú, has fallen in February 20th, 1865 and Venancio Flores, president de facto, declared war on Paraguay that very same day[22].
Bartolomé Mitre, argentine president, allowed the Brazilian Fleet and Army to use territory of Argentina for building military bases in Entre Ríos and Corrientes and from those bases, attacking Uruguay[23] and it was well known that Mitre was openly helping the uruguayan rebels. Notwithstanding, the Paraguayan Government asked for permission to cross argentine borders with its fleet in order to supply its uruguayan allies. Mitre refused this, claiming that the neutrality of Argentina is strict and that would make Argentinian territory a battle ground (despite allowing bases of Brazil, who already was at war with Paraguay, in his own land). This confirmed Lopez's suspicions: Argentina and Brazil were working together and their plan was to destroy Paraguay after the Uruguayan Civil War. Yet, he still remained silent, until Mitre, just like he did during the Uruguayan Civil War with the Blanco Government, wrote in his own newspaper:
"... Have no doubt about this, reader, that soon our cannons will announce to the world that the tyranny of Paraguay will fall and the entire American Continent should help on this task...[24]
This was the definitive proof for López: Argentina and Brasil were working together for the overthrow of the Uruguayan Blanco Government, allied to Paraguay and later, to wage war against his country. So, the Paraguayan Congress, after giving López the degree of Grand Marshall of the Paraguayan Army (he was general at that time) in March 18th, 1865 declares war on Argentina, announcing the decision in March 23rd. López considered that his only choice of survival was to attack while the Argentina wasn't ready for defending herself, that is, before Argentina and the Allies could manage to organize themselves. The declaration of war was well known and published by El Semanario, newspaper of the Paraguayan Government and many people in Argentina already knew it, but Mitre remained silent, for reasons unknown, until May 9th, 1865, when he gave his famous speech:
"... In three days, to the barracks. In three weeks, to our borders. In three months in Asunción..."[25]
This speech was given only few days after the signing of the Tratado Secreto de la Triple Alianza (Secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance).
Tratado Secreto de la Triple Alianza
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The Secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance was signed by Brazil, Argentina and the facto government of Uruguay in May 1st, 1865. On it, can be seen dreadful conditions against Paraguay. Paraguay is to be blamed for the war, has to pay all the expenses for the war, has to give up every territory in dispute with Argentina and Brazil. Also, Paraguay must have destroyed all its military facilities and eliminate its own army. The Paraguayan Independence, according to the treaty, was to be respected only for five years.
The Treaty was signed by Carlos de Castro for Uruguay, Octaviano de Almeida for Brazil and Rufino de Elizalde for Argentina, with the support of Edward Thornton of Britain. This Treaty sparked outrage around the world after was made public in the Blue Book of the British Foreign Office (the "Blue Book" was the British Intelligence report of that time).
The Treaty of the Triple Alliance is very similar to what is known today as the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
Uruguayana and Ending of the Campaign of Corrientes
Paraguay invaded in April 13, 1865, the argentine province of Corrientes with two armies: an eastern column led by Colonel Delacruz Estigarribia with more than 10,000 men and a western column, under the command of General Wenceslao Robles with 25,000 men.
Colonel Estigarribia achieved several victories, defeating with 500 men a garrison of 3,000 brazilians in the Battle of Mbutuy and advancing, with other victories, until the village of Alegrete, where he was supposed to stop until receiving new orders. Estigarribia refused to stop and wait there. He divided his forces into two groups. One commanded by himself, with 6,000 men, the other regiment under the rule of Mayor Pedro Duarte with 4,000 men. Then he ordered both groups to be separated by the Uruguay River and marched to Uruguayana, where he got caught by an allied army of 15,000 men. The regiment of Duarte fought gallantly against superior forces led by Venancio Flores in the Battle of Yatay but was defeated. The same happened with the brigade of Estigarribia, who later surrendered with 5,000 men in the Siege of Uruguayana.
General Robles, after succesfully conquering the city of Corrientes also refused the command of staying in the city until receiving new orders and entered in foolish actions along the Paraná River. Later, paraguayan officers caught letters of Robles negotiating with the allied forces and the Legión Paraguaya, a group of paraguayans who were against their country. After losing time and troops in silly actions and being discovered treating with the enemy, Grand Marshall López ordered the excecution of Robles for high treason. His army now was put under the command of Resquín, now General.
The greatest navy battle in the American Continent, the Battle of Riachuelo was fought in June 11, 1865. 8 Paraguayan ships with 40 cannons, supported by 6 marine boats had the mission of boarding and capturing in a surprise attack the Brazilian Fleet, with 9 ships and 60 cannons. Since the Brazilian Fleet had modern warships comparing with only few modern warships of the paraguayans, the result of the plan by López was focused on the surprise factor. But the paraguayan fleet lost precious time trying to fix the broken engine of one of its vessels and when they eventually continued the operation, the Brazilians were already waiting them. The surprise was lost and a huge battle took place. Paraguay lost 4 ships and Brazil only one, with another severly damaged (eventually, was put out of combat because of the damage).
Despite small paraguayan victories in Paso de Cuevas and Paso Mercedes, the Allied Victory in Riachuelo proved to be decisive in the long run. Now they took the initiative and the paraguayan army was forced to retreat from Argentine territory[26].
Campaign of Humaitá
The longest and bloodiest campaign of the war, now in Paraguayan Territory, started in April 16, 1866, when the Allied Army landed and conquered the Fortress of Itapirú and Paso de Patria. Despite a remarkable victory in the Battle of Corrales, where 700 paraguayans defeated 5,000 allies, almost 50,000 soldiers of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay landed in Paraguay, after a dangerous operation in the Paraná River, perfectly excecuted by the Brazilian Fleet.
Once again, the paraguayans with their best commander, General José E. Díaz, managed to defeat the superior Allied Forces in the first major battle of the war, the Battle of Estero Bellaco, where 5,000 soldiers of Paraguay and 8,000 soldiers of the Alliance fought fiercely, leaving 2,000 casualties per side[27].
The greatest ground battle of the War, and in Latin American history, was the First Battle of Tuyutí, in May 24, 1866. 35,000 allied soldiers defeated 25,000 paraguayans in an enormous combat, with brilliant performances of brazilian commanders, General Osorio and Colonel Emilio Mallet. Paraguay had a terrible number of 12,000 casualties against 6,000 losses of the allies. After that, Paraguay slightly manages to recover by beating the allied army in the Battle of Sauce and Battle of Boquerón, where the allies lost 6,000 men against 2,000 losses in the paraguayan army.
After a small raid in Yatayty Corá between the Argentine Cavalry and the Paraguayan Cavalry, López asked for a peace conference with Mitre, then commander of the allied army. In September 12th, 1866, both presidents gathered and discussed for five hours. Grand Marshall López even offered to resign and leave the country, if that was enough to invalidate the Treaty of the Triple Alliance [28], but General Mitre refused, claiming that:
"... Peace will only be made under the terms of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance..."
And López then answered:
"Those conditions will be imposed on my country only when I die in my last standing trench..."[29]
Ten days later, in September 22, 1866 (after the allied victory in the Battle of Curuzú) 22,000 soldiers of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay were crushed by 5,000 paraguayans led by José E. Díaz in the Battle of Curupayty, leaving almost 8,000 casualties. Paraguay only lost 250 men[30]. Despite this enormous victory, it was only matter of time for the Allied Army, with superior numbers and supplies, to arrive to the Fortress of Humaitá. Yet, the operations after Curupayty got paralysed for a whole year.
In those days, López tried once again to achieve peace with the intercession of Charles Washburn, minister of the United States of America and Charles Gould, commerce minister of the United Kingdom. But both attempts were rejected.
In 1867 Mitre was replaced in the supreme command of the Allied Army. The experienced Duke of Caxias took control and started a flanking maneuver on Humaitá. Remarkable battles, such as the Second Battle of Tuyutí, Tuyu Cué, Acayuazá, Ombú and Paso Pohyi took place. The Allies finally surrounded Humaitá and put the Fortress in a long siege. The Siege of Humaitá ended in August, 1868, with a decisive victory for the Allied Army, yet they had to lose 60,000 men for that victory. Paraguay lost 40,000 soldiers. Notwithstanding, the Allies could easily recover their troops, Paraguay couldn't.[31]
Campaign of Pikisyry and Fall of Asunción
After the Fall of Humaitá, the remains of the regular Paraguayan Army still fought gallantly against the Allied Troops. General Martin T. McMahon, hero of the American Civil War, was ambassador of the United States in Paraguay at that time and in 1868 tried for the last time a peace deal with the allied army, but the Triple Alliance rejected the offer. The Battle of Ytororo was a terrible slaughter for the allied armies (4,000 allied casualties, most of them brazilians, against 1,500 paraguayans losses), but with the direct command of the Duke of Caxias, who led himself a frontal charge, they managed to conquer the position. Same happened in the Battle of Avay, with heavy losses for both sides.
Despite a small paraguayan victory in the Battle of Ita Yvate, the Allied troops destroyed the last regular army of Paraguay in the Battle of Lomas Valentinas. 11,000 paraguayan men lost against 8,000 casualties of the Alliance. After that, the Battle of Angostura finished with the last paraguayan fortress surrendering to the allies.
In January of 1869, Brazilian Troops finally arrive to Asunción. Huge plunders, mass rapes and killings were committed by those soldiers, most of them were Black Africans, slaves forced to fight for the Empire of Brazil. Argentine troops stood away from the atrocities that were happening in the paraguayan capital. Later, the war continued.
Campaign of Cordilleras and Cerro Corá
Extermination battles took place in the Battle of Piribebuy and Battle of Rubio Ñu, where the brazilian soldiers led by the Count of Eu slaughtered the prisoners and burned alive paraguayan injured men, women and children. Same atrocities ocurred in Caacupe and Caaguy Juru[32]
Meanwhile, Lopez excecutes both innocent and guilty people after discovering a conspiracy against him. He almost punishes with death his own mother during the trials of the failed plot[33].
The end comes in the Battle of Cerro Corá, where 400 paraguayans, led by López, fought against 5,000 soldiers of Antonio Correia da Cámara. After five years of war, the paraguayans perished in their final battlefield, with his leader. Only a few of them survived. Francisco Solano López fought until the end, with a flag in his hand and his sword, but was severely injured while in his horse and he fell in the Aquidabán River. Corporal Lacerda, known as Chico Diabo, a white brazilian soldier, tried to capture him but he fought screaming:
"I Die with my Country!"
General Correia da Cámara arrived minutes later and once again, tried to surrender López, but the paraguayan president, barely alive, replied:
"I Die with my Country!"
Legend claims that López tried to swallow the flag of his country, thus preventing it from being captured by the enemy. That's uncertain. Correia ordered the death of López. In the Aquidabán River, the 1st day of March, 1870, López gets killed and the War of the Triple Alliance finishes [34].
Aftermath
The war finished with the total destruction of Paraguay and its flourishing nationalist economics. Just like in Uruguay, the Nationalist Government of the Country was later replaced by a proxy government and proxy institutions, which nowadays are still governing the country. Paraguay, until 1870, was a country without Freemasonry. After the war, Silva Paranhos, Duke of Caxias and the argentinian Roque Pérez started the Paraguayan Freemasonry, inducting all the remaining politicians and the Legión Paraguaya into the satanic organization. Paraguayan independence was destroyed forever[35].
As it is well clear now, Freemasonry was behind the war. The british minister Edward Thornton and other acolytes, such as Mitre, Silva Paranhos, Derqui, Pedro II, Sarmiento to name some were behind the scenes working for the destruction of nationalist governments, such as in Uruguay and a total extermination in Paraguay.
The Paraguayan people suffered a white race genocide. 60% of their population, made of 500,000 souls before the war, were terminated. Of that 60%, 9 of each 10 were males and as well, 9 of each 10 were of white european descent. The white race population of Paraguay was almost destroyed, as well as its prosperous nationalist economics in the hands of the Freemasons Army of the Triple Alliance[36] [37]. Also, Paraguay lost nearly 40% of its original territory. The only survivors were mostly indians and some white female and children.
It is well known nowadays, also, that the Rothschild Family was backing up with their banking the allied conspiracy led by the above cited Freemasons. Uruguay, the Empire of Brazil and Argentina got hugely indebted by the Rothschild Bank (and also by the Baring Brothers Bank, in a slighter proportion) and Paraguay, as well, got indebted (because of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance). The Empire of Brazil was so indebted (and remains so) with the Rothschilds that, because of this war, the country utterly broke and the Empire, some years later, had to abdicate. Brazil nowadays is a Republic, but they still are under control of the International Jewry. The very same happened with Argentina and Uruguay. Both countries started their huge banking debts with the Rothschild Family and the Baring Brothers Bank{ after this war[38] [39].
Brazilian Nationalists also consider that the Uruguayan Civil War, as well as the War of the Triple Alliance, were the prime point for the destruction of the Brazilian Empire, led by the same Freemasons that used these conflicts to create a great pressure upon the Government. Eventually, this War was the beginning of the huge economics crisis in the country that led to the abdication of Pedro II and the subsequent birth of the decadent Republic of Brazil, completely ruled by the satanic freemasons.
The War of the Triple Alliance was a very profitable business for the International Jewry.
External links
Encyclopedias
References
- ↑ WHIGHAM, Thomas - War of the Triple Alliance, Three Volumes; Georgia University Editions; United States; 1999)
- ↑ DORIATOTO, Francisco - Maldita Guerra, Nueva Historia de la Guerra del Paraguay; Ed. Emecé, Sao Paulo/Buenos Aires, 2008
- ↑ CARCANO, Ramón José - Guerra del Paraguay, Orígenes y Causas; Domingo Viau Edtions; Buenos Aires, 1941
- ↑ BORREGO, Salvador - América Peligra; Panamericana Editions, Mexico; 2000
- ↑ CHIAVENATTO, Julio - Genocidio Americano; Schauman Editions; Asunción, Paraguay; 1999
- ↑ THOMPSON, George - The War in Paraguay and a Historical Sketch of the Country and its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War; Longman Greens Editions; London, UK; 1869
- ↑ HERRERA, Luis Alberto - El Drama del 65, la Culpa Mitrista; Ediciones Pampa y Cielo; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1965)
- ↑ BARROSO, Gustavo - A Historia Secreta do Brasil, 6 Volumes; O Cruzeiro Edicoes, Brazil; 1920
- ↑ CASTAGNINO, Leonardo - La Guerra del Paraguay, la Triple Alianza contra los Países del Plata; Fabbro Editions, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 2010
- ↑ CARLYLE, Thomas - Critical and Miscelaneous Essays; Dr. Francia, original from Foreign Quarterly Review, July 1843. First collected in the 1847 edition
- ↑ POMER, León - Guerra del Paraguay, Estado, Política y Negocios; Colihue Editions; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 2006
- ↑ ALBERDI, Juan Bautista - La Guerra de la Triple Alianza; Hyspamerica Ediciones; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1990
- ↑ Protocolo de Entendimiento para la Guerra Contra el Paraguay
- ↑ NABUCCO, Joaquím - La Guerra del Paraguay; Paris, France; 1901
- ↑ MELLID, Atilio García - Proceso a los Falsificadores de la Historia del Paraguay; Ediciones Theoría; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1960)
- ↑ MELLID, Atilio García - Proceso a los Falsificadores de la Historia del Paraguay; Ediciones Theoría; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1960)
- ↑ HERRERA, Luis Alberto - Antes y Despues de la Triple Alianza - Tradinco; Montevideo, Uruguay; 1990
- ↑ CASTAGNINO, Leonardo - La Guerra del Paraguay, la Triple Alianza contra los Países del Plata; Fabbro Editions, Buenos Aires; 2010
- ↑ CHIAVENATTO, Julio - Genocidio Americano; Schauman Editions; Asunción, Paraguay; 1999
- ↑ ZENEQUELLI, Lilia - Crónica de una guerra, La Triple Alianza; Ed. Dunken; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1997.
- ↑ GONZÁLEZ, Natalicio - El Paraguay Eterno; Editorial Guarania; Asunción, Paraguay (1948)
- ↑ GALASSO, Norberto - La Guerra de la Triple Infamia; Cuadernos para la Otra Historia Nro. 12; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 2000
- ↑ MCMAHON, Martin T. - The War in Paraguay - Harper's New Monthly Magazine; New York, US; 1870
- ↑ MITRE, Bartolomé (President of Argentina) in La Nación Argentina. March 10, 1865
- ↑ GARMENDIA, José - La Guerra del Paraguay, Campaña de Humaitá - Editorial Internacional; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1880
- ↑ GARMENDIA, José - La Guerra del Paraguay, Campaña de Humaitá - Editorial Internacional; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1880
- ↑ THOMPSON, George - The War in Paraguay and a Historical Sketch of the Country and its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War; Longman Greens Editions; London, UK; 1869
- ↑ RESQUÍN, Francisco - Datos Históricos de la Guerra del Paraguay contra la Triple Alianza; Imprenta Militar; Asunción, Paraguay; 1875
- ↑ O'LEARY, J. E. - Nuestra Epopeya; Editorial Guarania; Asunción, Paraguay; 1940
- ↑ THOMPSON, George - The War in Paraguay and a Historical Sketch of the Country and its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War; Longman Greens Editions; London, UK; 1869
- ↑ LEUCHARS, Chris - To the bitter end: Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance; Greenwood Press; United States (2002)
- ↑ O'LEARY, J.E. - El Libro de los Héroes; Editorial Servilibro; Asunción, Paraguay; 2002
- ↑ THOMPSON, George - The War in Paraguay and a Historical Sketch of the Country and its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War; Longman Greens Editions; London, UK; 1869
- ↑ AVEIRO, Silvestre - Memorias; Imprenta Militar; Asunción, Paraguay; 1930
- ↑ MELLID, Atilio García - Proceso a los Falsificadores de la Historia del Paraguay; Ediciones Theoría; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1960)
- ↑ CHIAVENATTO, Julio - Genocidio Americano; Schauman Editions; Asunción, Paraguay; 1999
- ↑ THOMPSON, George - The War in Paraguay and a Historical Sketch of the Country and its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War; Longman Greens Editions; London, UK; 1869
- ↑ MELLID, Atilio García - Proceso a los Falsificadores de la Historia del Paraguay; Ediciones Theoría; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1960)
- ↑ POMER, León - Guerra del Paraguay, Estado, Política y Negocios; Colihue Editions; Buenos Aires, Argentina; 2006
