Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina), is the second largest country in South America, after Brazil. Parts of it, around Buenos Aires, were once part of the Spanish Empire.

History

Roundel of the 1945 founded Argentine Air Force (Spanish: Fuerza Aérea Argentina, or simply FAA, also AAF); in 1948, German Luftwaffe Generalleutnant a. D. Adolf Galland would become the most important technical advisor of the new FAA. He was to use his war experience to set up a modern jet fighter force. About 100 british Gloster Meteor fighters had been acquired.

Juan Perón (middle) with Hans-Ulrich Rudel (2nd from left), Rudel's wife Ursula (right) and their young son Johannes-Christoph in Spain c. 1973. Perón was the President, who was elected to the most terms (three terms, elected consecutively in 1946 and 1951, and in 1973).

Germans celebrate after defeating Argentina in the Final of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil

At different times Argentina has been engaged in disputes over boundary lines with every one of her neighbours, that with Chile being only settled in 1902. Beginning at the estuary of the Rio de la Plata, the boundary line ascends the Uruguay river, on the eastern side of the strategically important island of Martin Garcia, to the mouth of the Pequiry, thence under the award of President Grover Cleveland in 1894 up that small river to its source and in a direct line to the source of the Santo Antonio, a small tributary of the Iguassu, thence down the Santo Antonio and Iguassu to the upper Parana, which forms the southern boundary of Paraguay. From the confluence of the upper Parana and Paraguay the line ascends the latter to the mouth of the Pilcomayo, which river, under the award of President R. B. Hayes in 1878, forms the boundary between Argentina and Paraguay from the Paraguay river north-west to the Bolivian frontier. In accordance with the Argentine-Bolivian treaty of 1889 the boundary line between these republics contin ies up the Pilcomayo to the 22nd parallel, thence west to the Tarija river, which it follows down to the Bermejo, thence up the latter to its source, and westerly through the Quiaca ravine and across to a point on the San Juan river opposite Esmoraca. From this point it ascends the San Juan south and west to the Cerro de Granadas, and thence south-west to Cerro Incahuasi and Cerro Zapalegui on the Chilean frontier. The boundary with Chile, extending across more than 32° lat., had been the cause of disputes for many years, which at times led to costly preparations for war. The debts of the two nations resulted largely from this one cause. In 1881 a treaty was signed which provided that the boundary line should follow the highest crests of the Andes forming the watershed as far south as the 52nd parallel,thence east to the 10th meridian and south-east to Cape Dungeness at the eastern entrance to the Straits of Magellan. Crossing the Straits the line should follow the meridian of 68° 44', south to Beagle Channel, and thence east to the Atlantic, giving Argentina the eastern part of the Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island. By this agreement Argentina was confirmed in the possession of the greater part of Patagonia, while Chile gained control of the Straits of Magellan, much adjacent territory on the north, the larger part of Tierra del Fuego and all the neighbouring islands south and west.

When the attempt was made to mark this boundary the commissioners were unable to agree on a line across the Puna de Atacama in the north, where parallel ranges enclosing a high arid plateau without any clearly defined drainage to the Atlantic or Pacific, gave an opportunity for conflicting claims. In the south the broken character of the Cordillera, pierced in places by large rivers flowing into the Pacific and having their upper drainage basins on the eastern side of the line of highest crests, gave rise to unforeseen and very difficult questions. Finally, under a convention of the 17th of April 1896, these conflicting claims were submitted to arbitration. In 1899 a mixed commission with Hon. W. I. Buchanan, United States minister at Buenos Aires, serving as arbitrator, reached a decision on the Atacama line north of 26° 52' 45" S. lat., which was a compromise though it gave the greater part of the territory to Argentina. The line starts at the intersection of the 23rd parallel with the 67th meridian and runs south-westerly and southerly to the mountain and volcano summits of Rincon, Socompa, Llullaillaco, Azufre, Aguas Blancas and Sierra Nevada, thence to the initial point of the British award. (See Geogr. Jour., 1899, xiv. 3 22-323.) The line south of 26° 52 f 45" S. lat. had been located by the commissioners of the two republics with the exception of four sections. These were referred to the arbitration of Queen Victoria, and, after a careful survey under the direction of Sir Thomas H. Holdich, the award was rendered by King Edward VII. in 1902. (See Geogr. Jour., 1903, xxi. 45-50.) In the first section the line starts from a pillar erected in the San Francisco pass, about 26° 50' S. lat., and follows the water-parting southward to the highest peak of the Tres Cruces mountains in 27° o' 45" S. lat., 68° 49' 5" W. long. In the second, the line runs from 40° 2' S. lat., 7 1° 40' 36" W. long., along the water-parting to the southern termination of the Cerro Perihueico in the valley of the Huahum river, thence across that river, 71° 40' 36" W. long., and along the water-parting around the upper basin of the Huahum to a junction with the line previously determined. In the third and longest section, the line starts from a pillar erected in the Perez Rosales pass, near Lake Nahuel-Huapi, and follows the water-parting southward to the highest point of Mt. Tronador, and thence in a very tortuous course along local water-partings and across the Chilean rivers Manso, Puelo, Fetaleufu, Palena, Pico and Aisen, and the lakes Buenos Aires, Pueyrredon and San Martin, to avoid the inclusion of Argentine settlements within Chilean territory, to the Cerro Fitzroy and continental waterparting north-west of Lake Viedma, between 49° and 50° S. lat. The northern half of this line does not run far from the 72nd meridian, except in 44° 30' S. where it turns eastward nearly a degree to include the upper valley of the Frias river in Chilean territory, but south of the 49th parallel it curves westward to give Argentina sole possession of lakes Viedma and Argentino. The fourth section, which was made particularly difficult of solution by the extension inland of the Pacific coast inlets and sounds and by the Chilean colonies located there, was adjusted by running the line eastward from the point of divergence in 50° 50' S. lat. along the Sierra Baguales, thence south and southeast to the 52nd parallel, crossing several streams and following the crests of the Cerro Cazador. The Chilean settlement of Ultima Esperanza (Last Hope), over which there had been much controversy, remains under Chilean jurisdiction.

Argentinian / Argentinean

There are three uses for the words Argentinian, Argentinean and Argentine:

• Demonym: A type of noun to describe someone from Argentina. An Argentine, an Argentinian, an Argentinean. This is the demonym or gentilic. For example: someone from Lichtenstein is a Lichtensteiner, someone from Luxemburg is a Luxemburger and so on.
• Adjective: The second use is an adjective – of, or pertaining to, Argentina. For example, an Argentine steak, an Argentinian football player or an Argentinean book.
• Noun: The only noun using the word Argentine (and not Argentinian or Argentinean) is “any various small silver-scaled salmon like marine fish”.

Dictionaries seem relatively assured that the usage of Argentinean as a noun and an adjective is from the United States, who, in an attempt to take out any irregularities in English (following Chileans from Chile), have perhaps sensibly stuck to uniformity. But National Geographic’s stylesheet uses Argentine in adjectival phrases too. The Oxford English Dictionary lists Argentine as the correct demonym: she is an Argentine. And Argentinian as the correct British adjectival form.

Historical population

• 1650 - 298,000
• 1778 - 420,900
• 1800 - 551,500
• 1809 - 609,200
• 1825 - 766,400
• 1839 - 926,300
• 1857 - 1,299,600
• 1869 - 1,830,214
• 1895 - 4,044,911
• 1910 - 6,800,000
• 1914 - 7,903,662
• 1947 - 15,893,811
• 1960 - 20,013,793
• 1970 - 23,364,431
• 1980 - 27,949,480
• 1991 - 32,615,528
• 2001 - 36,260,130
• 2010 - 40,117,096
• 2022 - 45,892,285

External links

• Argentina: A Mirror of Your Future - On race issues.
• Racial Politics in Latin America: What Race in Another America Tells Us About Our Destiny, Part 1
  • Racial Politics in Latin America: What Race in Another America Tells Us About Our Destiny, Part 2

German Argentines

• Exploring German Heritage in Argentina
  • Alemanes del Volga. Dejaron Rusia y en Entre Ríos fundaron varias aldeas donde celebran sus tradiciones
• The secret German village – in the middle of Argentina

Encyclopedias

• Argentina, Encyclopedia Britannica
• Encyclopedia.com: Argentina