Wilhelm I, German Emperor

Wilhelm I, also known as Wilhelm the Great (Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig, English: William Frederick Louis) (22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888), of the House of Hohenzollern was the King of Prussia (2 January 1861 – 9 March 1888) and the first German Emperor (18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888). Under the leadership of Wilhelm and his Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the Kingdom of Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the 2nd German Empire after the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

Life

The Coronation of Wilhelm I as King of Prussia in the Schloss Kirke in Konigsberg.

Early life and military career

Proclamation of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, painted by Anton von Werner

The future king and emperor was born Frederick Louis of Prussia (Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Preußen) in Berlin. As the second son of King Friedrich Wilhelm III and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Wilhelm was not expected to ascend to the throne and hence received little education.

Wilhelm served in the army from 1814 onward (since 30 May 1814 Major), fought against Napoleon I of France during the Napoleonic Wars, and was reportedly a very brave soldier. He fought under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battles of Waterloo and Ligny (de). He also became an excellent diplomat by engaging in diplomatic missions after 1815.

In 1816, he became commander of the Stettiner Garde-Landwehr Battalion, in 1817 he was given command of the 7th Infantry Regiment and was promoted to Colonel (Oberst) shortly thereafter. As such he commanded the 1st Guards Infantry Brigade (1. Garde-Infanterie-Brigade). In 1818, at the age of 21, he was promoted to major general. In 1820, he took over the 1st Guards Division (1. Garde-Division), in 1824 the III. Army Corps. In 1825, he was promoted to lieutenant general. In September 1840, he was promoted to General der Infanterie.

During the Revolutions of 1848, Wilhelm successfully crushed a revolt that was aimed at his elder brother King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. The use of cannons made him unpopular at the time and earned him the nickname Kartätschenprinz (Prince of Grapeshot).

In 1854, the prince was promoted to Generaloberst (the rank was new and made for him) with the rank as Generalfeldmarschall and made governor of the federal fortress of Mainz. In 1857, Friedrich Wilhelm IV suffered a stroke and became mentally disabled for the rest of his life. In January 1858, Wilhelm became Prince Regent for his brother.

King

Barbarossa Monument c. 1900; built in honor of Kaiser Wilhelm I and completed 1896.

On 2 January 1861, Friedrich Wilhelm died and Wilhelm ascended the throne as Wilhelm I of Prussia. He inherited a conflict between Friedrich Wilhelm and the liberal parliament. He was considered a politically neutral person as he intervened less in politics than his brother. Wilhelm nevertheless found a conservative solution for the conflict: he appointed Otto von Bismarck to the office of Prime Minister. According to the Prussian constitution, the Prime Minister was responsible solely to the king, not to parliament. Von Bismarck liked to see his working relationship with Wilhelm as that of a vassal to his feudal superior. Nonetheless it was von Bismarck who effectively directed the politics, domestic as well as foreign; on several occasions he gained Wilhelm's assent by threatening to resign.

During his reign, Wilhelm was the commander-in-chief of the Prussian forces in the Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864 and the German War of Brothers in 1866. After the latter was won by Prussia, Wilhelm wanted to march on to Vienna and annex Austria, but was dissuaded from doing so by von Bismarck (once again threatening to resign) and his son Crown Prince Friedrich, who was appalled by the casualties. Prussia annexed several of Austria's allies north of the Main, as well as Schleswig-Holstein.

Emperor

During the Franco-Prussian War, on 18 January 1871 in Versailles Palace, Wilhelm was proclaimed German Emperor. The title "German Emperor" was carefully chosen by Bismarck after discussion until (and after) the day of the proclamation. Wilhelm accepted this title grudgingly as he would have preferred "Emperor of Germany" which, however, was unacceptable to the federated monarchs, and would also have signalled a claim to lands outside of his reign (Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg etc.). The title "Emperor of the Germans", as proposed in 1848, was ruled out as he considered himself chosen "by the grace of God", not by the people as in a democratic republic.

By this ceremony, the short-lived North German Confederation (1867–1871) was transformed into the German Empire ("Kaiserreich", 1871–1918). This Empire was a federal state; the Emperor was head of state and [[primus inter pares – (first among equals) of the federated monarchs (the Kings of Bavaria, Württemberg, Saxony, the Grand Dukes of Baden, Mecklenburg, Hesse-Darmstadt, as well as other principalities, duchies and the senates of the free cities of Hamburg, Lübeck and Bremen.

In his memoirs, Bismarck describes Wilhelm as an old-fashioned, courteous, infallibly polite gentleman and a genuine Prussian officer, whose good common sense was occasionally undermined by "female influences."

Assassination attempts

On 11 May 1878, a plumber named Emil Max Hödel failed in an assassination on Wilhelm in Berlin. Hödel used a revolver to shoot at the German Emperor, while the 82-year-old and his daughter, Princess Louise of Prussia, paraded in their carriage. When the bullet missed, Hödel ran across the street and fired another round which also missed. In the commotion one of the individuals who tried to apprehend Hödel suffered severe internal injuries and died two days later.

The State convicted Hödel after a photographer who took the radical’s picture days before the assassination attempt testified that after he took the picture Hödel said it would sell thousands once a certain piece of information [was] hashed through the world. Hödel was beheaded on 16 August 1878.

A second attempt was made on 2 June 1878, by the anarchist Karl Nobiling who fired at the monarch from the window of a house in the Unter den Linden as he drove past in an open carriage. The shot gravely wounded the 82 year old, who bled profusely as he was rushed back to the palace.

Anti-Socialist laws

Despite the fact that Hödel had been expelled from the Social Democratic Party, his actions were used as a pretext to ban the party through the Anti-Socialist Law in October 1878. To do this, Bismarck partnered with Ludwig Bamberger, a Liberal, who had written on the subject of Socialism, “If I don’t want any chickens, then I must smash the eggs.” No one in the Social-Democratic Party even knew of Karl Nobiling, but that is not to say that he was not politically motivated. Unfortunately, the aspiring assassin mortally wounded himself before he could be interrogated. The gunshot to the head did not immediately kill him, but he finally succumbed to his injuries in September 1878.

These attempts became the pretext for the institution of the Anti-Socialist Law, which was introduced by Bismarck’s government with the support of a majority in the Reichstag on 18 October 1878, for the purpose of fighting the socialist and working-class movement. The laws deprived the Social Democratic Party of Germany of its legal status; they prohibited all organizations, workers’ mass organizations and the socialist and workers’ press, decreed confiscation of socialist literature, and subjected Social-Democrats to reprisals.

The laws were extended every 2–3 years. Despite this policy of reprisals the Social Democratic Party increased its influence among the masses. Under pressure of the mass working-class movement the laws were repealed on 1 October 1890.

Death

Wilhelm I died on 9 March 1888 in Berlin after a short illness, less than two weeks before his 91st birthday. He was buried on 16 March at the Mausoleum at Park Charlottenburg. He was succeeded by his son Frederick who was already in an ill health himself (suffering from throat cancer). Frederick spent the 99 days of his reign fighting his illness before dying and being succeeded by his eldest son Wilhelm (II) on 15 June.

Family

Marriage

In 1829, Wilhelm married Princess Augusta Marie Luise Katharina of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (de) and had two children:

• Frederick III, German Emperor (1831–1888)
• Princess Louise of Prussia (1838–1923)