Phrenology
Phrenology is a pseudoscience developed by Franz Joseph Gall in 1796. It was very popular in the 19th century, especially from about 1810 until 1840. Phrenology focused on measurements of the human skull, based on false claims regarding which brain areas have which functions, and false claims regarding how this is reflected on the skull.
While these claims were incorrect, recent research have found support for group different regarding different brain and skull areas, as discussed the Craniometry article and the articles linked to from there.
