African-Americans

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Malcolm X, showing the lighter skin and whiter racial characteristics of the African-American.

African-American is term describing the variant of the Negro race currently residing in America. While the word "African American" is used to indiscriminately refer to any Negro living in the United States, whether he be a pureblood or not, generally African Americans have around 20-30% White blood. ^[1] This accounts for their higher intelligence and lower crime rates than pure-blooded Negroes. Nevertheless, on average this group still accounts for 50% of all crime in the United States. ^[2]

Tyra Banks. Born to two African American parents, yet leaning toward a Caucasian racial phenotype.

[edit] History

A shipload of Negroes arrived in British North America (and future United States of America) in 1619. The first Africans settled in Jamestown and for many years were similar in legal position to poor English people who traded several years labor in exchange for passage to America. Africans could in some cases legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom. They rasied familes, marrying other Africans and sometimes intermarrying with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, some African families owned farms around Jamestown. The race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 1700's. By 1860, there were 3.5 million enslaved Africans in the Southern United States due to the Atlantic slave trade, and another 500,000 Africans lived free across the country. In 1863, during the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The proclamation declared all slaves in states that had seceded from the Union were free. Advancing Union troops enforced the proclamation with Texas being the last state to be emancipated in 1865. In late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement. Most African Americans followed the Jim Crow laws and created their own schools, churches, banks, social clubs, and other businesses.

Over the past 400 years, the Negro race has intermarried and mixed with whites, resulting in an improved Negro genepool; thus he eventually became intelligent enough to end segregation during the Civil Rights Movement.

African-American musicians. Note heavy admixture of White blood.

[edit] Further reading

• Jack Salzman, ed., Encyclopedia of Afro-American culture and history, New York, NY  : Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1996
• African American Lives, edited by Henry L. Gates, Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Oxford University Press, 2004 - more than 600 biographies
• From Slavery to Freedom. A History of African Americans, by John Hope Franklin, Alfred Moss, McGraw-Hill Education 2001, standard work, first edition in 1947
• Black Women in America - An Historical Encyclopedia, Darlene Clark Hine (Editor), Rosalyn Terborg-Penn (Editor), Elsa Barkley Brown (Editor), Paperback Edition, Indiana University Press 2005
• van Sertima, Ivan "They Came Before Columbus"
• "The Politicization of Changing Terms of Self Reference Among American Slave Descendants", American Speech, v 66, no.2, Summer 1991

[edit] Notes

1. ^ http://www.duke.org/library/race/african101facts.html
2. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_crime

[edit] External link

• African American / Afro-American]

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